ANTR 350 - Unit 2 Learning Objectives

viscerocranium

• maxillae (2)

• zygomatics (2)

• palatines (2)

• lacrimals (2)

• nasal (2)

• inferior nasal conchae (2)

• vomer (1)

• mandible (1)

neurocranium

• frontal (1)

• parietal (2)

• temporal (2)

• occiptal (1)

• ethmoid (1)

• spehnoid (1)

bridge of nose

right and left nasal bones

bony nasal septum

perpindicular plate of ethmoid, vomer

coronal suture

frontal and parietal bones

lamboidal suture

parietal and occiptal bones

sagittal suture

right and left parietal bones

squamosal

between parietal and temporal

internal carotid artery

carotid artery

internal jugar vein

jugular foramen

middle menigeal spinosum

foramen spinosum

pterion

where frontal, temporal, parietal, and sphenobid bones articulate

hard palate

palatine bone and maxilla

orbit is formed by:

sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine

bones that contain paranasal sinuses

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid

hyoid bone

anterior neck region below the mandible has important points of attachment for muscles involved in swallowing and phonation

5 regions of the vertebral column

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

kyphotic curvature

thoracic and sacral (anterior)

primary

lordotic curvature

cervical and lumbar (posterior)

secondary

kyphosis

excessive anterior curvature in thoracic region

lordosis

excessive posterior curvature in lumbar region

scolilosis

excessvie lateral curvature

vetebral canal

contains spinal chord and roots

intevetebral foramen

openings that contain the spinal nerves

transverse foramen

allow the passage of the vetebral artery

features of the atlas

absence of a vetebral body

anterior arch

posterior arch

features of the axis

dens (otonoid process)

features of the vertebrae prominens

elongated spinous process

characteristics of cervical vertebrae

• transverse foramen

• short bifid spinous process

features of thoracic vetebra

• superior and inferior costal facets

• transverse costal facets

features of lumbar vertebra

• large kidney shaped vertebral body

3 components of the sternum

1. manubrim

2. sternal body

3. xiphoid process

true ribs

• ribs 1-7

• attach to sternum via its own costal cartilage

false ribs

• ribs 8-10

• attach to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7

floating ribs

• ribs 11-12

• no attachment to sternum

IV disc herniations

annulus fibrous ruptures/tears, nuclus pulpous bulges in posterolateral dierection leading ot compression or chemical iriation of the spinal nerve

anterior longitidunal ligament

• anterior aspect of vetebral bodies prevents hyperextension

posterior longitidunal ligament

posterior aspect of vetebral bodies, limits/prevents hyperflexion

temporomandibular joint

mandibular fossa on temporal + mandibular condyle on the mandible

atlanto-occipital joint

occipital condyles + superior articular facet of C1

median atlanto-axial joint

anterior arch of C1 + dens of axis

lateral atlanto-axial joint

inferior articular facet of C1 + superior articular facet of C2

zygopophyseal (facet) joint

inferior articulating facet + superior articulating facet of another joint

intervetebral disc joint

vetebral bodies of 2 joints

costovetebral joint

superior costal facet + head of rib

costotransverse joint

transverse costal facet + tubercule of rib

manubriosternal

manubrium + sternal body

sternocostal

sternum + costal cartilage

costochondral

sternal end of rib + costal cartilage

meninges from superficial to deep

epidural space → dura mater → subdural space → arachnoid mater → subarachnoid space → pia mater

dural venous sinuses

where venous blood from the brain drains before leaving the cranial activyt and hwere cerebrospinal retuns ot venous circulation via arachnoid granulations

the space that contains cerebrospinal fluid

subdural space

space where epidural hematomas happen

epidural space - superior to dura mater

space where subdural hematoma occurs

between dura mater and pia mater

space where subarachnoid hematoma occurs

inferior to pia matera

cerebrospinal flow

lateral ventricles → interventircular foramen → third ventricle → central aqueduct → fourth ventricle → central canal

arachnoid villi

act as one way valves that that CSF is drained out of

choroid plexus

invanigations in pia mater that are extremly vascularized and surronded by ependymal cells, water + ions from vessles diffuse into exracellular space and are taken up by ependymal cells and then shipped to ventricles producing CSF

gryi (gyrus)

elevated ridges or hills on cerebrum

sulcus (sulci)

small grooves or valleys on cerebrum

corpus callosum

tract that connects left and right cerebral hemispheres, allow halves to communicate with each other

central sulcus

divides frontal and parietal lobes

lateral fissure

divides termporal lobe from forntal and parietal lobes

function of cerebellum

• posture control

• locomotion

• fine motor coordination

damage: loss of coordination and smooth movements

function of frontal lobe

• volunatry motor control

• decision making

• concentration

• personality

damage: personality change

function of parietal lobe

• general sensation

• evaluating size and shape

• touch

damage: sensory deficits

function of postcentral gurus and the primary somatosenosry cortex

• main processing area for touch

damage: sensory deficits

function of precentral gyrus and the primary motor cortex

origination of upper motor neurons

damage: motor deficits

function of temporal lobe

• auditory and olfactory info

• memory formation

• emotional regulation

damage: hearing loss, smelling loss, hard to regulate emotions and hard to form memories

function of occiptal lobe

• visual info

• visual memory

damage: loss of visual sensation

body regions and the homonculus

legs and arms are medial

face is lateral

decussation

crossing over of nerve fibers from one side to another, so left cereberal cortex dictates volunatry control of right body

what lobe: amygdala

anterior temporal lobe (anterior to hippocampus)

what lobe: brocas area

part of left frontal lobe

what lobe: hippocampus

deep within temporal lobe

what lobe: primary auditory cortex

temporal lobe

what lobe: primary motor cortex

anterior to central sulcus (frontal lobe)

what lobe: primary somatosensory cortex

posterior to central sulcus (parietal lobe)

what lobe: primary visual cortex

posterior occiptal lobe

what lobe: wernickes area

left temporal lobe

brocas area

controls msucles for spoken language

if damaged: can undertstand language but speaking is difficult

wernickes area

understanding speech

damage: fluent but nonsensical speech

2 arteries that supply blood flow to the brain:

internal carotid artery, vetebral arteries

3 major cerebral arteries that supply the cerebrum with blood

anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery stroke

face/arm weakeness, face/arm sensory alteration, aphasia (language deficit)

anterior cerebral artery stroke

leg weakness, leg sensory alteration

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

visual deficit

hypothalamus function

in diencaphalon, controls autonomic nervous system and hormone production

thalamus function

in diencaphlon, organizes incoming sensory information

amygdala function

part of limbic system, regulation of motivation and emotional behavior

damage: changes in emotion

hippocampus function

part of limbic system, memory formation and learning

damage: bad memory

place these structures superior to inferior: dencephalon, medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons, spinal chord

diencaphlon, midbrain pons, medulla oblongata, spinal chord

beginning of spinal chord and end of spinal chord

begins just below medulla oblongata, and ends at conus medullaris (L1 and L2 vertebrae)

cauda equina

spinal nerves inferior from the conus medullaris that have long roots with form this structure

conus medullaris

end of spinal chord at L1 and L2

how many spinal nerves in each region?

C: 8

T: 12

L: 5

S: 5

Co: 1

how are spinal chords numbered?

C1-C7, exit superior to the vetebrae

C8 - inferior to the C7 vetebra

T1-Co1 exit inferior to the same numbered vertebrae

lumbar puncture

L3-L4, taking CSF

what cell bodies are in the dorsal horn?

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

what cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion?

somatic sensory and visceral sensory