3-215 - Population ecology

define cosmopolitan, highly restricted, widespread, limited

Cosmopolitan: could be in all continents or all oceans

Highly restricted (endemic): Species that naturally exist in only one unique geographical location in the entire world (such as a single island, mountain range, or small valley) and nowhere else. 

Widespread: Species with a very large, continuous geographic range that spans significant parts of a continent or landmass, though they are not globally ubiquitous 

Limited: Species confined to a specific, narrow geographic strip or corridor due to highly precise climate, moisture, or soil requirements. 

what are the 3 types of distributions?

what are the 2 major reasons for clumped distributions?

migratory movement of pacific salmon:

Anadromous Migration: Pacific salmon are anadromous, meaning they are born in freshwater, migrate to the ocean to grow, and return to freshwater to reproduce.

2. Life Stage Transitions (The Photos)

The three colored images show the distinct life stages corresponding to different phases of this migration:

• Juveniles (Top Right): Shows young salmon (fry or smolt) schooling together. At this stage, they develop the physiological ability to transition from freshwater rivers to the salty ocean environment.

• Ocean Feeding / Upstream Migration (Bottom Right): Depicts adult salmon leaping up a waterfall. This highlights the immense physical effort required during their upstream spawning migration against strong currents.

• Spawning Adults (Top Center): Shows mature salmon in their vibrant red spawning colors back in their shallow freshwater home streams, where they will lay eggs and complete their life cycle.

From a population ecology perspective, this slide highlights how movement affects a population's survival, gene flow, and resource utilization. By migrating to the rich ocean, salmon can support a much larger population size than if they stayed in nutrient-poor freshwater streams their whole lives.

monarch butterfly:

Unlike the salmon, which complete their migration in a single lifetime, the Eastern North American monarch population relies on four successive generations to complete a single annual migration loop.

Generation #1

Generation #2 and #3