Chapter 5 PSY-108

Exam 2 prep, flashcards based on in class lecture notes

Age range of toddlerhood

12-36 months

Average size by age 3

30 lbs, 3 feet tall

major tasks of toddlerhood

potty training and weaning

sleep at age 2

12-13 hours, usually 1 nap 

Why toddlers wake at night (1 1/2-2 years)

molars and separation anxiety

what is attachment?

emotional bond with primary caregiver

Researcher: Harry Harlow

showed contact comfort is more important than food

What is contact comfort?

feeling safe from physical closeness and warmth 

what is a secure base?

caregiver as safety point for exploration

Researcher: Mary Ainsworth

created strange situation to study attachment

strange situation age group

1-2 years old

strange situation measures

reactions to separations and reunions

secure attachment 

explores freely, upset when caregiver leaves, happy on return 

insecure-ambivalent (resistant) 

little exploration, high distress, cling and push away

insecure-avoidant

explores, little distress, avoids caregiver

disorganized-disoriented

dazed, fearful, or angry; inconsistent behavior

Caregiver qualities: sensitivity 

understands child’s needs 

Caregiver qualities: responsiveness

quick, warm comfort (hug, pick up)

Caregiver qualities: Goodness of fit

caregiver style matches Childs temperament

internal working model

Childs expectation of caregivers support pos

positive model

caregiver is reliable, trust and security

negative model

caregiver unreliable, mistrust and anxiety

why attachment matters: longterm impact 

affects emotion regulation, confidence, and relationships later 

infant-directed speech

high-pitched, exaggerated baby talk adults use with infants

cooing (0-3 months)

early vowel like sounds (ooooh) that help vocal control

social smiles 

smiling in response to caregivers, builds early communication 

babbling (4-6 months)

repeated sounds like ba-ba or da-da; practice for speech

manual babbling

deaf babies use hand movements similar to spoken babbling

gestures (7-12 months) 

using movements like pointing or waving to communicate  

first words

around 12 months, simple words like mama or dada

imitation 

copying sounds and gestures to learn language 

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): vocabulary explosion

rapid word learning, about 50 words by 18 months

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): echolalia

repeated words heard from adults/media to learn speech

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): holophrases 

single words that express full ideas 

e.g. cup = I want my cup 

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): overextension

using a word too broadly

e.g. dog for all animals

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): underextension

using a word too narrowly

e.g. dog only for their pet 

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): fast mapping

leaning a new word after hearing it once

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): telegraphic speech

two-word phrases missing small words (more juice)

Toddlerhood (1–3 years): overregularization 

applying grammar riles to exceptions 

e.g. goed instead of went 

Early Childhood (3–5 years): pragmatics

knowing how to use language properly in social settings s

Early Childhood (3–5 years): storytelling

creating simple stories with a beginning, middle, and end

Early Childhood (3–5 years): grammar mystery 

using full sentences, pronouns (I, you) and conjunctions (and, but) 

Middle Childhood (6–12 years): literacy skills

learning to read and write, using phonics and comprehension `

Middle Childhood (6–12 years): vocabulary growth

3,000-5,000 words; includes school and academic words

Middle Childhood (6–12 years): advanced communication

using complex language and understanding tone/context

emotional self-regulation

controlling emotions to fit the situation

test for emotional self-regulation

the mirror, toddlers recognize themselves when they rub their own nose after seeing a mark in the mirror'; 18-24 months

gender identity

knowing and identifying oneself as male, female, or other gender

gender (definition) 

social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations linked to being male or female 

sex

biological differences

gender vs sex

labeling animals with gender isn’t accurate, they have sex (biological) not gender (social identity)