Endocrine System and Hormones

Metabolism and tissue maturation. The endocrine system regulates the rate of metabolism and influences the maturation of tissues such as those of the nervous system.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Ion regulation. The endocrine system helps regulate blood pH as well as Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the blood.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Water balance. The endocrine system regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Immune system regulation. The endocrine system helps control the production of immune cells

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Control of blood glucose and other nutrients. The endocrine system regulates blood glucose levels and other nutrient levels in the blood

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Heart rate and blood pressure regulation. The endocrine system helps regulate the heart rate and blood pressure and helps prepare the body for physical activity.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Control of reproductive functions. The endocrine system controls the development and functions of the reproductive systems in males and females.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

Uterine contractions and milk release. The endocrine system regulates uterine contractions during delivery and stimulates milk release from the breasts in lactating females.

One of the main regulatory function of the endocrine system

The pituitary gland, or ________ , secretes nine major hormones that regulate numerous body functions and the secretory activity of several other endocrine glands.

hypophysis

The _____________ of the brain and the pituitary gland are major sites where the nervous and endocrine systems interact.

hypothalamus

___________ , sensory information entering the central nervous system, and emotions collectively influence the activity of the hypothalamus.

Hormones

The pituitary gland measures approximately 1 cm in diameter, has a mass of 0.5–1.0 g, and is positioned within the sella turcica of the ________________

sphenoid bone.

It sits inferior to the hypothalamus and connects to it via a tissue stalk designated as the ______________ .

infundibulum

The ______________ is designated as the ______________ owing to its continuous structural connection with the brain.

Posterior Pituitary, or Neurohypophysis

Products released by the posterior pituitary are classified as _______________ because this gland functions as an extension of the nervous system.

neurohormones

The anterior pituitary or ___________ , comprises three indistinctly bounded regions known as the pars tuberalis, the pars distalis, and the pars intermedia.

adenohypophysis

Hormones

_________________

• Structure

  Small peptide

• Target Tissue

  Kidney

• Response (Effect)

  Increased water reabsorption (less water is lost in the (ADH) form of urine)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormones

_________________

• Structure

  Small peptide

• Target Tissue

  Uterus; mammary glands

• Response (Effect)

  Increased uterine contractions; increased milk expulsion from mammary glands; unclear function in males

Oxytocin

Hormones

____________________

• Structure

  Protein

• Target Tissue

  Most tissues

• Response (Effect)

  Increased growth in tissues; increased amino acid uptake or somatotropin and protein synthesis; increased breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells; increased glycogen synthesis and increased blood glucose levels; increased somatomedin

Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin

Hormones

______________________

• Structure

  Peptide

• Target Tissue

  Adrenal cortex

• Response (Effect)

  Increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Hormones

_____________________

• Structure

  Glycoprotein

• Target Tissue

  Thyroid gland

• Response (Effect)

  Increased thyroid hormone secretion

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormones

_______________________

• Structure

  Glycoprotein

• Target Tissue

  Follicles in ovaries in females; seminiferous tubes in males

• Response (Effect)

  Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries; sperm cell production in testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hormones

________________

• Structure

  Glycoprotein

• Target Tissue

  Ovaries in females; testes in males

• Response (Effect)

  Ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries; testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormones

____________________

• Structure

  Protein

• Target Tissue

  Ovaries and mammary glands in females

• Response (Effect)

  Milk production in lactating women; increased response of follicle to LH and FSH; unclear function in males

Prolactin