Anthro midterm

Culture

the learned and shared knowledge that \n people use to generate behavior and interpret \n experience

Explicit Culture

Cultural knowledge that people \n can talk about

Tacit Culture

Cultural knowledge that people lack \n words for

Ethnography

process of discovering and describing a \n particular culture

emic perspective

the "natives point(s) of view" without imposing their own \n conceptual frameworks

etic perspective

outsider's perspective on local life

Naïve realism

the belief that people everywhere see the world in the same \n way

\n Culture shock

a state of anxiety that \n results from cross-cultural mis- \n understanding

Ethnocentrism

belief and feeling that one’s own culture is best

Symbol

anything people can perceive with their senses that stands for something else.

language

a system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech

Speech

refers to the behavior that produces vocal sounds

Phonology

consists of the categories and rules for form­ing vocal symbols.

Phonemes

the minimal categories of speech sounds that serve to keep utterances apart.

Grammar

refers to the categories and rules for combining vocal symbols.

Morphemes

the minimal units of meaning in any lan­guage.

Semantics

refers to the categories and rules for relating vocal symbols to their referents

Sociolinguistic rules

combine meaningful utterances with social situations into \n appropriate messages.

Nonlinguistic symbols

symbols outside of language that carries meaning for human \n beings

Ecology

the relationship of an organism to \n other elements within its environmental \n sphere

\n Cultural ecology

the way people use their culture to adapt to particular \n environments.

Physical environment

the world people can experience through their senses.

Cultural environment

people’s cultural classification of their physical environment

Subsistence Strategies

strategies that human groups use to exploit their environment for material necessities

Hunting and Gathering

an adaptive food-getting strategy based on the collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.

Horticulture

an adaptive strategy in which food is gardened with the hoe or digging stick.

Pastorialism

an adaptive strategy based on the herding of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

Agriculture

often associated with the use of the plow, irrigation, and sometime terracing.

Industrialism

a subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food \n production, factory-based material production, and elaborate distribution networks

Kinship

the complex system of culturally defined social relationships based on marriage and birth

Consanguinity

refers to kinship relationships based on birth.

Affinity

refers to kinship relationships based on marriage

Descent

a kinship rule that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry

Patrilineal descent

a descent rule linking consanguine relatives through males only

Matrilineal descent

a descent rule linking relatives together through females only

Bilateral descent

A descent rule linking relatives together through both males and females simultaneously

Lineage

localized group that is based on a unilineal (patrilineal or matrilineal) descent rule and which usually has some \n corporate power.

Descent groups

groups based on a descent rule

Clan

a unilineal descent group composed of lineages whose members believe they are all descended from a common ancestor but cannot always trace their genealogical relationship to everyone in the group.

Phratries

large unilineal kinship groups made up of clans.

Bilateral kin

groups are those based on bilateral descent.

Ramages

cognatic kin groups based on bilateral descent

Exogamy

marriage outside a specified group

Endogamy

marriage within a specified group.

Polygyny

the marriage of one man to more than one woman

Polyandry

the marriage of one women to more than one man simultaneously.

Economic system

refers to provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants.

Production

refers to the process of rendering material items useful and available for human consumption

Allocation of resources

refers to the cultural rules people use to assign rights to ownership and use of resources.

Technology

the cultural knowledge for making and using tools and extracting and refining raw materials.

Division of labor

refers to the rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

Unit of production

defines the persons or groups responsible for producing goods and services.

Exchange refers

to the transfer of goods and services.

Market exchange

is the transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.

Reciprocal Exchange

The transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on role obligations

Redistribution

refers to the transfer of goods and services between a central collecting source and a group of individuals.

Shadow (informal) economy

Consists of production and exchange outside the control of governments and systems of taxation.

Hawaiian system

the least descriptive and merges many different \n relatives into a small number of categories.

Three forms of culture

\-the way MS-13 dresses (baggy jeans) Ward says looking like a cholo

\-Getting tattoos to symbolize their allegiance

\-Ngandu womens’ role in society to maintain the household

Three forms of communication

\-MS-13 uses hand signals to show gang signs

\-They use terms like “de corazon” to symbolize heart and courage

\-Tattoos communicate previous events and allegiances

Three forms of ecology

\-Ngandu see the forest as a refuge from colonizers and invaders

\-Ngandu use the forest for meat, caterpillars, medicine, and vegetables

\-Aka use the forest as shelter and live in it