Infant and Child Development Exam 1 Chapters 1-4

What are the three domains of development?

Physical, Cognitive, & Emotional Social

What changes in the physical domain during development?

Body size & proportions, appearance

Brain Function

Functioning of body systems, health

Perceptual & motor capacities

What changes in the cognitive domain during development?

Intellectual abilities

Language

What changes in the social/emotional domain during development?

Emotional communication

Self-understanding, knowledge about others

Interpersonal skills & relationships

Moral reasoning & behavior

What are the four periods of development

Prenatal

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Early Childhood

Middle Childhood

How long does the prenatal period last?

From conception to Birth

How long does the infancy and toddler hood period last?

from birth to two years

How long does the early childhood period last?

2-6 years

How long foes the middle childhood period of development last?

6-11 years

The definition of a theory

An orderly, integrated set of

statements that:

describes behavior

explains behavior

predicts behavior

Three basic issues in development

Is development: continuous or discontinuous?

Is there: one course of development or are there many possible courses?

What is the: relative influence of nature and nurture on development?

Contexts of Development?

Children grow up in distinct CONTEXTS:

Unique combinations of circumstances can result in different paths of development

personal (genetic)

environment

Circumstances that lead to different paths change and foster different capacities, skills, and emotions.

Nature Theory

Nature (Stability)

Based on genetic inheritance

Inborn, biologic givens

Nurture Theory

Nurture (Change)

Physical and social world

Influence biological and psychological development

Medieval View on Childhood

Childhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs

16th century view on childhood

Puritan "child depravity" views

17th century view on childhood

John Locke "tabula rasa" or "blank slate" view

18th century view on childhood

Jean-Jacques Rousseau "noble savages" view

Theory of Evoluton

Darwin. Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Species have characteristics that are adapted (or fit) to their environments.

Survival of the Fittest

Survival of the Fittest

Individuals best adapted to theirenvironments survive to reproduce.

Their genes are passed to later generations.

Normative Approach

Hall & Gesell: Age-related averages based on measurements of large numbers of children.

Mental Testing Movement

Binet & Simon: Early developers of intelligence tests

Mid 20th century movements

Psychoanalytic perspective

Behaviorisim/ Social Learning

Cognitive Development

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Conflicts between

biological drives

social expectations

Freud and Erikson

Emphasis on unique life history

Id

Largest portion of the mind

Unconscious, present at birth

Source of biological needs & desires

Ego

Conscious, rational part of mind

Emerges in early infancy

Redirects id impulses acceptably

Super Ego

The conscience

Emerges around ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregivers

Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral 0-2

Anal 2-3

Phallic 3-7

Latency7-11

Genital 11+

Erikinsons first 4 stages

basic trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy v. shame and self doubt

Initiative v guilt

industry v. inferiority

Basic trust vs. Mistrust

Birth - 1 year

Autonomy v shame and Self doubt

1- 3 years

Initiative v guilt

3-6 years

Industry vs inferiority

6-11 years

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus and Response- Watson

Operant Conditioning

Reiforcements and Punishment- Skinner

Social Cognitive Approach

Bandura

Modeling

Observing

Self-efficacy

Cognitive Development Theory

Children actively construct knowledge.

Adaptation to environment is made in order to achieve equilibrium.

All children move through four broad stages.

Piaget

Piagets 4 stages of development

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

Sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2 years

Infants "think" by acting on world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth

Preoperational

3-6 years

Preschool children use symbols to

represent earlier sensorimotor discoveries

Language and make -believe play

Lacks logical thinking

Concrete operational

Reasoning becomes logical

Organize objects in hierarchies

Thinking is not yet abstract

6-11

Formal Operational

11 +

Abstract, systematic thinking allows teens

to hypothesize, deduce inferences, isolate

and combine variables

Evaluate logic of verbal statements

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Studies

Study of relationships between:

changes in the brain

development of cognition, behavior

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience brings together

psychology

biology

neuroscience

and medicine

Ethology

Concerned with the adaptive, or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

Lorenz and Bolby

Critical Period

biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span

need support of an appropriately stimulating environment

Sensitive Period

Optimal time for certain capacities to emerge

Individual is especially responsive to environments

Boundaries less clearly defined than critical period

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky

Transmission of culture to new generation

value, beliefs, customs, skills

Social interaction necessary to learn culture

Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society

Microssystem

: immediate surroundings and things which affect the child (family, classroom

Mesosystem

reciprocal relationships among Microsystems

Exosystem

outside environments that indirectly affects the child (workplace)

Macrosystem

ideologies, attitudes, community, custom, values, laws

Longitudinal

Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages.

Cross- Sectional

Participants of differing ages all studied at the same time.

Sequential

Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times.

Children's Research Rights

Protection from harm

Informed consent

Privacy

Knowledge of results

Beneficial treatments

Genotype

Genetic Makeup

Phenotype

Visable Physical Trait

Chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

Genes

segments of DNA located along the chromosomes

DNA

substance of which genes and chromosomes are made

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis- 2 daughter cells

Meiosis- 4 daugher cells by meiosis 2

Autosome

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

Sex Chromosomes

23rd pair of chromosomes

Determines sex

XX = female, XY = male

Gametes

Sperm and Ovum

Zygote

Sperm and Ova united

dizygotic

2 zygotes

monozygotic

1 zygote split

allelles

appear in the same place for both inherited chromosomes

one from mom one from daD

X Linked Inheritance: Most Common Form

Mother (unaffected) carries one abnormal gene and one normal (X).

Father has one normal male X and Y chromosome complement.

X Linked Inheritance: Male Child

Unaffected: 50% chance of normal X and Y chromosomes

Affected: 50% risk of inheriting the abnormal X and the disorder

X Linked Inheritance: Female Child

Unaffected: 50% chance of no abnormal X chromosomes

Affected: 50% chance of inheriting the abnormal X and will be a carrier

incomplete dominance

both inherited traits of a single allelle show

polygenic inheritance

a mixture of both inherited traits. ie skin color

Genetic Imprinting

Chemical marker that activates either father's or mother's gene

Often temporary

Mutation

Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment

Germline Mutation

Takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes (egg / sperm)

Found in every cell descended from the zygote to which that mutant gamete contributed

Defective DNA is passed on to the next generation

Somatic Mutation

Normal body cells mutate, an event that can happen at any time in life

disappear when the cell in which it occurred, or its owner, dies

DNA defect can eventually become widespread enough to cause disease or disability

Down Syndrome

Problem with the 21st chromosome

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Problems with the X or Y

XXY Syndrome

NO treatment. above average height. large teeth

Triple X Syndorome

Tallness impaired verbal ability

Klienfelter Syndrome

XXY

impaired verbal ability. body resembles female. hormone therapy at puberty

Turner Syndrome

XO

short stature. impaired spatial ability. webbed neck

hormone therapy and therapy to promote spatial ability

Genetic Counseling helps couples

assess chance of hereditary disorders

choose best course of action

risks

family goals

Genetic Counseling is reccomended when

couple has had difficulties

aware of genetic problems

woman is over 35

Maternal Blood Analysis

check the risk of birth defects before a baby is born.

cannot diagnose a birth defect, but it can calculate the risk of certain birth defects

Ultrasound

high-frequency sound waves to scan abdomen

shows the baby's internal organs / skeleton and allows measurements to be taken

detect or aid in detection of abnormalities and conditions related to pregnancy

Chronic Villus Sampling

diagnostic test for identifying chromosome abnormalities and other inherited disorders

performed between 10 and 13 weeks

Amniocentisis

detects chromosome abnormalities, neural tube defects and genetic disorders

Performed between 14 and 20 weeks

In vitro fertilization

fertilization by manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish

Donor Insemination

procedure that uses a syringe to place semen into a woman's vagina to assist her in getting pregnant

Egg Donation

Egg donation, makes pregnancy possible for women who might not otherwise be able to get pregnant using their own eggs

Types of Adoption Agencies

Public- managed by the state

Private- Lawyers, private agency

Open Adoption

allows birth / adoptive families to meet before birth

Exchange information throughout adopted child's life

Closed Adoption

Birth/ adoptive parents do not meet, exchange information, or contact one another

non-identifying information (medical history) may be shared

Semi open Adoption

birth families pick the adoptive parents from a profile

receive updates through connection adoption agency.

SES and family functioning

Timing and duration of family life cycle

Marriage, Children

Values and expectations

Personal qualities -

External characteristics vs. Psychological traits

Communication and discipline styles

Verbal stimulation, academic goals, punishment

Children's cognitive development

Educational attainment and career opportunities

Risk of Affluence

Serious problems

Poor grades - academic difficulties

Engage in alcohol and drug use

Increased anxiety and depression

Self medicate?

Why?

Unavailable parents

(physical and emotional)

Excessive parental demands for achievement

Intervention?

Simple routine (e.g. Dinner as a family)