stages of cellular respiration

the Four stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis

The first stage of respiration; splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules in the cytosol.

the Location of glycolysis is

Cytosol.

the Reactants of glycolysis are ?

Glucose, NAD+, and ADP plus phosphate.

what are the Products of glycolysis

Two pyruvate, two NADH, and a net gain of two ATP per glucose.

the Molecules oxidized in glycolysis are

Glucose-derived molecules are oxidized as electrons are transferred to NAD+.

the Molecules reduced in glycolysis are

NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

what is Pyruvate

A three-carbon molecule produced when glucose is split during glycolysis.

what is Pyruvate oxidation

The stage that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and releases carbon dioxide.

Location of pyruvate oxidation is

Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic cells.

the Reactants of pyruvate oxidation are

Pyruvate, NAD+, and coenzyme A.

the Products of pyruvate oxidation are

Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, and NADH.

the Molecules oxidized during pyruvate oxidation are

Pyruvate-derived carbon.

the Molecules reduced during pyruvate oxidation are

NAD+

Acetyl-CoA is

A two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A; it carries carbon into the citric acid cycle.

the Citric acid cycle is

A series of reactions that oxidizes acetyl-CoA-derived carbon, releases carbon dioxide, and produces electron carriers and ATP.

Other name for the citric acid cycle

Krebs cycle.

Location of the citric acid cycle is

Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic cells.

the Reactants of the citric acid cycle are ?

Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, and ADP plus phosphate.

the Products of the citric acid cycle are

Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Molecule oxidized in the citric acid cycle

Acetyl-CoA-derived carbon is oxidized as carbon dioxide is released.

the Molecules reduced in the citric acid cycle are

NAD+, FAD

Why it is called a cycle

The reactions regenerate the starting four-carbon molecule so the process can repeat.

Oxidative phosphorylation is

The final stage of respiration; uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce most ATP.

the Location of oxidative phosphorylation is

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A series of membrane proteins that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 toward oxygen.

the Reactants of the ETC are

NADH, FADH2, and oxygen.

the Products of the ETC

NAD+, FAD, and water; the chain also creates a proton gradient.

What happens to oxygen in the ETC

Oxygen accepts electrons and combines with hydrogen ions to form water.

What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the ETC

They donate electrons and are oxidized back to NAD+ and FAD.

Proton (H+) gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane that stores potential energy.

Intermembrane space is

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes where protons accumulate during the ETC.

Mitochondrial matrix ?

The compartment inside the inner mitochondrial membrane where pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur.

Chemiosmosis is ?

The movement of protons down their gradient through ATP synthase, providing energy to make ATP.

what is ATP synthase

A membrane protein complex that uses proton flow to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Oxidative phosphorylation inputs

Electron carriers, oxygen, ADP, and phosphate.

Oxidative phosphorylation outputs are

ATP, water, NAD+, and FAD.

Why oxidative phosphorylation makes most ATP

Energy from electrons powers proton pumping, and the proton gradient drives ATP synthase.

what is the ATP production from glycolysis

Net two ATP per glucose.

Total ATP from cellular respiration

38 ATP per glucose