Lab Worksheets

Sponges filter water through collar cells called:

Choanocytes

Water enters sponges through small pores called:

Ostia

Water reaches choanocytes through ever-narrowing system of:

Incurrent Canals

Waste water leaves sponges through ever-widening:

Excurrent Canals

Excurrent openings on sponges are called:

Oscula

The 3 sponge grades are:

Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

The outer layer of a sponge is made up of:
and is together called:

Pinacocytes; Pinacoderm

The inner lining of a sponge is made of:
and together makes up the:

Choanocytes; Choanoderm

Between the Pinacoderm and the Choanoderm is the:

Mesohyl

Within the mesohyl of sponges are:

Amoebocytes, sclerocytes, spicules, collencytes and developing gametes

In small sponges, water enters through a hole in a single cell called a:

Porocyte

In larger sponges, the porocytes are surrounded by:

Pinacocytes

Water enters choanocyte chambers through the _______ and exits through the _______

Prosopyles, apopyles

______________ are asexual reproductive propagules in freshwater sponges

Gemmules

Gemmules are filled with _________ and covered with a layer of __________________

Archaeocytes; amphidisk spicules

Gemmule archaeocytes exit through the _________

Micropyle

Calcareous sponges have _______ spicules

calcareous

Hexactinelida and Demospongiae have _________ spicules

Silaceous

What types of spicules do Calcarea sponges have?

Monactines, diactines, triactines, and tetractines

What families are in Homoscleromorpha?

Oscarellidae and Plakinidae

Homoscleromorphs lack _______

spongin

All Homoscleromorphs are ________ grade

Asconoid

What are the Demospongiae subclasses?

Heteroscleromorpha, Keratosa, Verongimorpha

The majority of sponges fall into subclass:

Heteroscleromorpha

Heteroscleromorpha contains orders:

Tetractinellida, Clionaida, Agelasida

The order ___________ contains all sponges with tetractine spicules

Tetractinellida

The order Clionaida contains ________ sponges

Coralline

The order ___________ contains independently evolved coralline sponges

Agelasida

Which two Demospongiae subclasses mostly lack spicules, and instead are supported by spongin?

Keratosa, Verongimorpha

“Bath sponges” are from subclass _________

Keratosa

Hexactinellids are separated from other sponges by their largely _________ construction

syncytial

In ________ tissue, nuclei are not separated

syncytial

What is the difference between calcareous and silaceous spicules in HCl?

Calcareous spicules dissolve in HCl, silaceous spicules do not

The relevant Medusozoa classes are:

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa

The narrow fringe around a Hydromedusae is called a _______

Vellum

Hydromedusae tentacles have numerous swellings called __________

Nematocyst batteries

The relevant Hydrozoa subclass for lab is:

Hydroidolina

The three Hydrolina orders are:

Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Siphonophora

Leptothecata are characterized by _______ polyps

Thecate

In _______ hydroids, the perisarc extenda onto the hydranth

thecate

_____________ are typical feeding polyps with a mouth at the tip of an elongate hypostome surrounded by tentacles

Gastrozoids

________________ are specialized reproductive polyps from which medusae bud laterally

Gonozoids

The perisarc enclosing gonozoids is called the ______

Gonotheca

The gonozoid-gonotheca structure is called a _______

gonangium

_________ polyps have a perisarc surrounding the coenosarc but does not extend to the hydranth

Anthoathecate

Order Anthoathecata includes groups:

Pennaria, Milleporidae, Stylasteridae, Hydridae

Order Anthoathecata includes suborders:

Capitata, Filifera, Aplanulata

What distinguishes Capitata from Filifera?

Catpitata have capitate tentacles

Milleporidae and Stylasteridae are the two lineages of “___________”

Hydrocorals

Hydrocorals secrete a _______________ skeleton

Calcium Carbonate

Milleporidae are also known as hydrocorals or “___________”

Fire corals

Milleporidae are the only limestone-secreting cnidarian with _____________

free-swimming medusae

Stylasteridae differ from Milleporidae in that they _______________

lack symbiotic algae

What is a cyclosystem and to which family does it belong?

A circular arrangement of dactylozoids surrounding gastrozoids in Stylasterids

In what ways are species in Hydridae more simple than other anthoathecates?

They are non-colonial, have no perisarc, and medusae are reduced to patches of gonadal tissue on the column of polyps. They have also lost the planula larvae stage.

Which order incorporates poylp and medusa based zoids into one complex colony?

Siphonophora

What three orders are within Class Scyphozoa?

Semaeostomeae, Coronatae, Rhizostomeae

What is the key feature of scyphozoan reproduction?

Strobilation

Scyphozoan polyps have four _____________ running from the mouth to the base of the polyp (similar to Anthozoans)

Mesenteries

What are typical characteristics of Schyphozoan medusae?

Thick mesoglea, lack of velum, large oral arms, fringe of tentacles around the bell margin, radial and ring canals

Scyphozoan polyps are called _________

Scyphistomae

The scyphozoan medusae bud is a characteristic 8-armed form called an _________

Ephyra

Scyphozoans are externally fertilized and become _______________

Planula larvae

Semaeostomeae means “__________” evident in the 4 mouth corners that form frilly lobes

Flagmouth

Rhyzostomeae means “___________” and have enlarged highly branched oral arms and rest upside down on the substrate

Rootmouth

What is a main feeding difference between Semaeostomeae and Rhyzostomeae?

Semaeostomeae have one central mouth in the middle of their oral arms. Rhyzostomeae have enlarged branching oral arms that end in many tiny mouths

What distinguishes Coronatae from other Scyphozoans?

The medusae have bells segmented by a groove, giving them the name “crown jelly”

What is unique about Cubozoan morphology?

They have a velarium, similar but separate from the velum of hydrozoans.

What is distinct about Cubozoan reproduction?

Their life cycle involves the conversion of solitary polyps into medusae

The key distinction between Medusozoa and Anthozoa is:

Anthozoa lack a medusa stage

What are the two main groups within Anthozoa?

Hexacorallia, Octocorallia

What are the groups within Hexacorallia covered in lab?

Scleratinia, Actinaria, Corallilmorpharia, Antipatharia, Zooantharia, Ceriantheria

What are the groups within Octocorallia covered in lab?

Helioporidae, Soft corals, Stolonifera, Gorgonians

What distinguishes Hexacorallia from Octocorallia?

Hexacorals have six-fold symmetry, Octocorals have 8 tentacles and mesenteries

Most anemones are attached to the benthos via a flat ___________

Pedal disk

What are mesenteries?

Strips of tissue that partially subdivide the gastrovascular cavity

What are siphonoglyphs?

ciliated furrows that pump water into the gastrovascular cavity

What are acontia?

Defensive structures covered in nematocysts that discharge upon disturbance

Which two Hexacoral groups have well developed skeletons?

Scleractinia (calcareous skeleton) and Antipatheria (organic skeleton)

__________ are the true anemones and are the most diverse group

Actinaria

_____________ lack siphonoglyphs and are solitary. Individuals have wide discs attached to narrower columns and short tentacles

Corallimorpharia

In Order ____________, tentacles are restriced to the periphery of the oral disc and alternate between inner (erect) and outer (reflexed), and may incorporate sand and sediment into their body walls

Zooantharia

______________ are burrowing, tube-dwelling anemones that live with only their oral disk and tentacles emergent. Differentiated from burrowing Actinarians by their arrangement of tentacles in two tiers: an outer ring of longer tentacles surrounding an inner cluster of shorter tentacles.

Ceriantharians

________ secrete an arborescent organic skeleton

Antipatharia

Antipatharia are distinguished from Gorgonians because they:

Lack a sclerite-filled rind

What characters distinguish gorgonians?

They have an axial tree-like skeleton (organic or calcareous), and a sclerite-filled rind

What are solenia?

Gastrovascular canals that extend from the central gastrovascular cavity through the coenenchyme and allow food-sharing between zooids

What is the character of Stoloniferans?

Connected root-like stolons supporting the polyps

What defines the “soft corals”?

A large fleshy colonial tissue between polyps called a coenenchyme, which is loaded with sclerites and solenia. Many have siphonozooids with efficient siphonoglyphs that inflate the coelenteron with water

What is the main character of Helioporidae?

They posses a skeleton made of CaCO3

What are scleractinian asexual reproduction methods?

Fragmentation, Polyp Bailout, Parthenogenesis

What are scleractinian sexual reproductive methods?

Brooding, Broadcast Spawning

Where do Scleractinian gonads develop?

Within the mesoglea of the mesenteries

Scleractinians have ________ larvae

Planula

What are the worm phylums covered in lab?

Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nemertea, Annelida

What are the groups within Platyhelminthes?

Turbellaria, Polycladida, Tricladida, Neodermatida

What are the two main groups under Annelida

Sipuncula, Polychaeta

What are the groups within Annelida?

Nereididae, Eunicidae, Amphinomidae, Polynoidae, Pectinariidae, Terebellidae, Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Echiura

Platyhelminthes are the “_____________”

Flatworms

The group “Turbellaria” refers to _________ flatworms

Free-living