HIST midterm unit1

Hominids

EN: Human ancestors and close relatives that walked upright. | JP: 人類の祖先・近縁種。直立歩行が大きな特徴。

Identify the term: Human ancestors and close relatives that walked upright?

Hominids | JP: 人類の祖先・近縁種。直立歩行が大きな特徴。

What should you remember about Hominids?

Human ancestors and close relatives that walked upright. | JP: 人類の祖先・近縁種。直立歩行が大きな特徴。

Australopithecus

EN: Early African hominin that walked on two legs before Homo. | JP: Homo属より前のアフリカの初期人類。二足歩行した。

Identify the term: Early African hominin that walked on two legs before Homo?

Australopithecus | JP: Homo属より前のアフリカの初期人類。二足歩行した。

What should you remember about Australopithecus?

Early African hominin that walked on two legs before Homo. | JP: Homo属より前のアフリカの初期人類。二足歩行した。

Homo sapiens

EN: Modern human species that emerged in Africa and spread worldwide. | JP: アフリカで誕生し世界へ広がった現生人類。

Identify the term: Modern human species that emerged in Africa and spread worldwide?

Homo sapiens | JP: アフリカで誕生し世界へ広がった現生人類。

What should you remember about Homo sapiens?

Modern human species that emerged in Africa and spread worldwide. | JP: アフリカで誕生し世界へ広がった現生人類。

Paleolithic Age

EN: Old Stone Age; humans lived mainly by hunting and gathering. | JP: 旧石器時代。主に狩猟採集で生活した。

Identify the term: Old Stone Age; humans lived mainly by hunting and gathering?

Paleolithic Age | JP: 旧石器時代。主に狩猟採集で生活した。

What should you remember about Paleolithic Age?

Old Stone Age; humans lived mainly by hunting and gathering. | JP: 旧石器時代。主に狩猟採集で生活した。

Hunter-gatherers

EN: People who survive by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. | JP: 動物を狩り、野生植物を集めて暮らす人々。

Identify the term: People who survive by hunting animals and gathering wild plants?

Hunter-gatherers | JP: 動物を狩り、野生植物を集めて暮らす人々。

What should you remember about Hunter-gatherers?

People who survive by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. | JP: 動物を狩り、野生植物を集めて暮らす人々。

Neolithic Revolution

EN: Shift from hunting-gathering to farming and settled life. | JP: 狩猟採集から農耕・定住へ移った大変化。

Identify the term: Shift from hunting-gathering to farming and settled life?

Neolithic Revolution | JP: 狩猟採集から農耕・定住へ移った大変化。

What should you remember about Neolithic Revolution?

Shift from hunting-gathering to farming and settled life. | JP: 狩猟採集から農耕・定住へ移った大変化。

Agriculture

EN: Systematic cultivation of crops that supported larger settlements. | JP: 作物を計画的に育てること。人口増加と定住を支えた。

Identify the term: Systematic cultivation of crops that supported larger settlements?

Agriculture | JP: 作物を計画的に育てること。人口増加と定住を支えた。

What should you remember about Agriculture?

Systematic cultivation of crops that supported larger settlements. | JP: 作物を計画的に育てること。人口増加と定住を支えた。

Domestication

EN: Human control and breeding of useful plants and animals. | JP: 植物や動物を人間が飼育・栽培し利用すること。

Identify the term: Human control and breeding of useful plants and animals?

Domestication | JP: 植物や動物を人間が飼育・栽培し利用すること。

What should you remember about Domestication?

Human control and breeding of useful plants and animals. | JP: 植物や動物を人間が飼育・栽培し利用すること。

Jericho

EN: One of the earliest known permanent settlements in the Near East. | JP: 近東にあった最古級の定住都市の一つ。

Identify the term: One of the earliest known permanent settlements in the Near East?

Jericho | JP: 近東にあった最古級の定住都市の一つ。

What should you remember about Jericho?

One of the earliest known permanent settlements in the Near East. | JP: 近東にあった最古級の定住都市の一つ。

Fertile Crescent

EN: Fertile arc in the Near East where early farming and cities developed. | JP: 農耕と初期都市が発達した近東の肥沃な三日月地帯。

Identify the term: Fertile arc in the Near East where early farming and cities developed?

Fertile Crescent | JP: 農耕と初期都市が発達した近東の肥沃な三日月地帯。

What should you remember about Fertile Crescent?

Fertile arc in the Near East where early farming and cities developed. | JP: 農耕と初期都市が発達した近東の肥沃な三日月地帯。

Civilization

EN: Complex society with cities, government, specialization, and culture. | JP: 都市・政府・分業・文化を持つ複雑な社会。

Identify the term: Complex society with cities, government, specialization, and culture?

Civilization | JP: 都市・政府・分業・文化を持つ複雑な社会。

What should you remember about Civilization?

Complex society with cities, government, specialization, and culture. | JP: 都市・政府・分業・文化を持つ複雑な社会。

Primary source

EN: Evidence created in the period being studied. | JP: 研究対象の時代に作られた一次資料。

Identify the term: Evidence created in the period being studied?

Primary source | JP: 研究対象の時代に作られた一次資料。

What should you remember about Primary source?

Evidence created in the period being studied. | JP: 研究対象の時代に作られた一次資料。

Secondary source

EN: Later work that interprets or explains the past. | JP: 後世に作られ、過去を解釈・説明する二次資料。

Identify the term: Later work that interprets or explains the past?

Secondary source | JP: 後世に作られ、過去を解釈・説明する二次資料。

What should you remember about Secondary source?

Later work that interprets or explains the past. | JP: 後世に作られ、過去を解釈・説明する二次資料。

Archaeology

EN: Study of past societies through material remains. | JP: 遺物・遺跡などの物的証拠から過去社会を研究する学問。

Identify the term: Study of past societies through material remains?

Archaeology | JP: 遺物・遺跡などの物的証拠から過去社会を研究する学問。

What should you remember about Archaeology?

Study of past societies through material remains. | JP: 遺物・遺跡などの物的証拠から過去社会を研究する学問。

Anthropology

EN: Study of humans, cultures, and human development. | JP: 人間・文化・人類の発達を研究する学問。

Identify the term: Study of humans, cultures, and human development?

Anthropology | JP: 人間・文化・人類の発達を研究する学問。

What should you remember about Anthropology?

Study of humans, cultures, and human development. | JP: 人間・文化・人類の発達を研究する学問。

Prehistory

EN: Human past before surviving written records. | JP: 文字記録が残る以前の人類史。

Identify the term: Human past before surviving written records?

Prehistory | JP: 文字記録が残る以前の人類史。

What should you remember about Prehistory?

Human past before surviving written records. | JP: 文字記録が残る以前の人類史。

Historical evidence

EN: Sources historians use to reconstruct and interpret the past. | JP: 歴史家が過去を復元・解釈するために使う証拠。

Identify the term: Sources historians use to reconstruct and interpret the past?

Historical evidence | JP: 歴史家が過去を復元・解釈するために使う証拠。

What should you remember about Historical evidence?

Sources historians use to reconstruct and interpret the past. | JP: 歴史家が過去を復元・解釈するために使う証拠。

Out of Africa migration

EN: Modern humans spread from Africa into other regions of the world. | JP: 現生人類がアフリカから世界各地へ広がった移動。

Identify the term: Modern humans spread from Africa into other regions of the world?

Out of Africa migration | JP: 現生人類がアフリカから世界各地へ広がった移動。

What should you remember about Out of Africa migration?

Modern humans spread from Africa into other regions of the world. | JP: 現生人類がアフリカから世界各地へ広がった移動。

Bipedalism

EN: Walking on two legs; a major early hominin adaptation. | JP: 二足歩行。初期人類の重要な適応。

Identify the term: Walking on two legs; a major early hominin adaptation?

Bipedalism | JP: 二足歩行。初期人類の重要な適応。

What should you remember about Bipedalism?

Walking on two legs; a major early hominin adaptation. | JP: 二足歩行。初期人類の重要な適応。

Toolmaking

EN: Making tools improved hunting, food processing, and survival. | JP: 道具製作は狩猟・食料加工・生存能力を高めた。

Identify the term: Making tools improved hunting, food processing, and survival?

Toolmaking | JP: 道具製作は狩猟・食料加工・生存能力を高めた。

What should you remember about Toolmaking?

Making tools improved hunting, food processing, and survival. | JP: 道具製作は狩猟・食料加工・生存能力を高めた。

Use of fire

EN: Fire provided heat, protection, cooking, and social gathering. | JP: 火は暖房・防御・調理・共同生活に役立った。

Identify the term: Fire provided heat, protection, cooking, and social gathering?

Use of fire | JP: 火は暖房・防御・調理・共同生活に役立った。

What should you remember about Use of fire?

Fire provided heat, protection, cooking, and social gathering. | JP: 火は暖房・防御・調理・共同生活に役立った。

Paleolithic migration

EN: Hunter-gatherers moved widely in search of food and resources. | JP: 旧石器時代の狩猟採集民は食料と資源を求めて広く移動した。

Identify the term: Hunter-gatherers moved widely in search of food and resources?

Paleolithic migration | JP: 旧石器時代の狩猟採集民は食料と資源を求めて広く移動した。

What should you remember about Paleolithic migration?

Hunter-gatherers moved widely in search of food and resources. | JP: 旧石器時代の狩猟採集民は食料と資源を求めて広く移動した。

Cave art

EN: Paleolithic images that reveal symbolic and cultural behavior. | JP: 象徴的・文化的行動を示す旧石器時代の洞窟壁画。

Identify the term: Paleolithic images that reveal symbolic and cultural behavior?

Cave art | JP: 象徴的・文化的行動を示す旧石器時代の洞窟壁画。

What should you remember about Cave art?

Paleolithic images that reveal symbolic and cultural behavior. | JP: 象徴的・文化的行動を示す旧石器時代の洞窟壁画。

Nomadic life

EN: Mobile way of life without permanent settlement. | JP: 恒久的な定住地を持たず移動する生活様式。

Identify the term: Mobile way of life without permanent settlement?

Nomadic life | JP: 恒久的な定住地を持たず移動する生活様式。

What should you remember about Nomadic life?

Mobile way of life without permanent settlement. | JP: 恒久的な定住地を持たず移動する生活様式。

Food surplus

EN: Extra food allowed population growth and occupational specialization. | JP: 食料余剰は人口増加と職業分化を可能にした。

Identify the term: Extra food allowed population growth and occupational specialization?

Food surplus | JP: 食料余剰は人口増加と職業分化を可能にした。

What should you remember about Food surplus?

Extra food allowed population growth and occupational specialization. | JP: 食料余剰は人口増加と職業分化を可能にした。

Specialization of labor

EN: People perform different jobs instead of all producing food. | JP: 全員が食料生産せず、異なる職業を担う分業。

Identify the term: People perform different jobs instead of all producing food?

Specialization of labor | JP: 全員が食料生産せず、異なる職業を担う分業。

What should you remember about Specialization of labor?

People perform different jobs instead of all producing food. | JP: 全員が食料生産せず、異なる職業を担う分業。

Social stratification

EN: Society divided into groups with unequal status and power. | JP: 地位や権力に差のある階層へ社会が分かれること。

Identify the term: Society divided into groups with unequal status and power?

Social stratification | JP: 地位や権力に差のある階層へ社会が分かれること。

What should you remember about Social stratification?

Society divided into groups with unequal status and power. | JP: 地位や権力に差のある階層へ社会が分かれること。

Permanent settlement

EN: Farming encouraged people to live in fixed communities year-round. | JP: 農耕により人々が一年中同じ場所に住む定住が進んだ。

Identify the term: Farming encouraged people to live in fixed communities year-round?

Permanent settlement | JP: 農耕により人々が一年中同じ場所に住む定住が進んだ。

What should you remember about Permanent settlement?

Farming encouraged people to live in fixed communities year-round. | JP: 農耕により人々が一年中同じ場所に住む定住が進んだ。

Pastoralism

EN: Way of life based mainly on herding domesticated animals. | JP: 家畜の飼育を中心とする生活様式。

Identify the term: Way of life based mainly on herding domesticated animals?

Pastoralism | JP: 家畜の飼育を中心とする生活様式。

What should you remember about Pastoralism?

Way of life based mainly on herding domesticated animals. | JP: 家畜の飼育を中心とする生活様式。

Why was agriculture revolutionary?

EN: It supported settlements, surplus, population growth, and complex societies. | JP: 定住・余剰・人口増加・複雑な社会を可能にしたから。

Which historical question does this answer? It supported settlements, surplus, population growth, and complex societies?

Why was agriculture revolutionary? | JP: 定住・余剰・人口増加・複雑な社会を可能にしたから。

Give the core answer: Why was agriculture revolutionary?

It supported settlements, surplus, population growth, and complex societies. | JP: 定住・余剰・人口増加・複雑な社会を可能にしたから。

Why did early cities emerge?

EN: Farming surplus supported larger populations, specialists, rulers, and trade. | JP: 農業余剰が人口・専門職・支配者・交易を支えたため。

Which historical question does this answer? Farming surplus supported larger populations, specialists, rulers, and trade?

Why did early cities emerge? | JP: 農業余剰が人口・専門職・支配者・交易を支えたため。

Give the core answer: Why did early cities emerge?

Farming surplus supported larger populations, specialists, rulers, and trade. | JP: 農業余剰が人口・専門職・支配者・交易を支えたため。

Primary vs. secondary source

Primary = from the period; secondary = later interpretation. | JP: 一次資料＝当時、二次資料＝後世の解釈。

Prehistory vs. history

Prehistory lacks surviving written records; history uses written evidence too. | JP: 先史時代は文字記録以前、歴史時代は文字資料も使える。

Archaeology vs. anthropology

Archaeology studies material remains; anthropology studies humans and cultures more broadly. | JP: 考古学＝物的遺物、人類学＝人間・文化を広く研究。

Australopithecus → Homo sapiens

Australopithecus came much earlier; Homo sapiens are modern humans. | JP: アウストラロピテクスが先、ホモ・サピエンスが現生人類。

Paleolithic → Neolithic

Paleolithic hunter-gathering came before Neolithic farming and settled life. | JP: 旧石器の狩猟採集→新石器の農耕・定住。

Hunter-gatherers → farmers

The major shift was from relying on wild food to producing food through cultivation and herding. | JP: 野生資源利用から農耕・牧畜による食料生産へ。

Domestication → agriculture

Domesticating plants and animals made regular food production possible. | JP: 植物・動物の栽培化・家畜化が農業を可能にした。