Bones pt.2

Pelvic Girdle

formed by sacrum and a pair of hip bones; attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and transmits weight from upper body to lower body

Coxal Bone

irregularly shaped bone that forms a major part of the pelvic Girdle; also called hip bone

Acetabulum

cup shaped, concave socket on lateral surface of pelvis that articulates with with head of femur to form hip joint

Greater Sciatic Notch

concave indentation located on posterior boarder of the ilium

Sacroiliac Joint

connect the spine to pelvis

Obturator Foramen

opening in the bony pelvis formed by pubic and ischium bones

Pubic Symphysis

midline where two pubic bones are joined by a fibrocartilage disc

Subpubic Angle

angle formed below the pubic symphysis; female greater that 90 degrees/ male less than 90 degree

Pelvic Brim

marks the upper boundry of the true pelvis and sepreates it from false pelvis

False Pelvis

superior to pelvic brim; expanded bowl-shaped upper region of bony pelvis and determines jean size

True Pelvis

inferior to pelvic brim and critical to delivery

Pelvic Inlet

upper opening of the bony pelvis

Pelvic Outlet

lower opening of the true pelvis

Convex

section of the spine that curves outward

Concave

section of the spine that curves inward

Anterior/Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments

bands of tissue along the spine that prevent you from moving too far back/forward

Hyperextension

bending too far backward

Hyperflexion

bending too far forward

Ligamentum Flavum

connects adjacent vertebrae, contains elastic connective tissue and very strong

Nucleus Pulposus

soft, rubber ball like part that gives the disc elasticity and compressionability

Anulus Fibrosus

surrounds nucleus pulposus and resists compressive and twisting forces

Herniated Disc

rupture of anulus fibrosus

Congenital

spinal curves that were present at birth

Scoliosis

abnormal rotation of spine resulting in lateral curvature, usually in thoracic region

Kyphosis

dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature or “hunchback” and common in old people

Lordosis

lumbar curvature, common in people with a lot of weight in the front like pregnant people

26

amount of irregular bones in vertebral column

33

amount of vertebrae we have before we’re bone

25%

how much the vertebral discs account for our overall height

Structural Classification

the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

Functional Classification

the amount of movement allowed at a joint

Synarthroses

immovable joint; ex: sutures of cranium

Amphiarthorses

slightly movable joint; exp: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Diarthroses

freely movable joints/classifies as synovial; exp; elbow, shoulder, knee, shoulders

Fibrous Joint

connections between bones that are held together by dense connective tissues, rich in collagen

Sutures

rigid, immovable type in fibrous joint that connects flat bones of the skin

Cartilaginous Joint

adjacent bones are entirely joined by cartilage and lack joint cavity

Symphysis

type of cartilaginous joint where two articulating bones are joined together

Structural Joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Functional Joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Plane

least mobile diarthortic joint and occurs between flat surfaces on bones; exp: many axial joints

Hinge

allows for bending; exp: knee, elbow

Pivot

allows rotary movement around a single axis; exp: C1 and C2 vertebrae

Condylar

biaxial oval projection and an elliptical socket; exp: knuckles

Saddle

only 2 saddle joints which are the thumbs (opposable)

Ball and Socket

offer widest range of movement; exp: shoulder/hip

Flexion

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

Extension

increases the angle between the articulating bones; flex limb

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

the movement of a limb toward the body midline

Circumduction

moving a limb so that is makes a circle shape

Rotation

twisting motion where a bone pivots or spins around its own long axis

Supination

rotating forearm laterally so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly

Pronation

forearm rotates so palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly

Dorsiflexion

lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

Plantar Flexion

depressing the foot(pointing toes)

Inversion

sole of foot turns medially

Eversion

sole of foot turns laterally

Opposition

touching your thumb to the tips of other fingers on the same hand- allowed by saddle joint