Untitled Flashcard Set

U.S. population under age 16 identifying as a racial or ethnic minority

Approximately 49.95% in 2019, reflecting increasing diversity.

Frameworks of Progress

Some focus on improvements, others on persistent disparities.

Ignoring Disparities

Pretending inequality no longer exists hinders meaningful progress.

Multiple Truths

Recognizing lived experiences provides insight; multiple perspectives can coexist.

Social Problems Framework

Social problems exist in communities and systems, not just individuals.

Individual Agency

Responsibility operates within larger structural constraints.

Stereotypes

Cognitive beliefs about groups that can be positive or negative but harmful.

Positive Stereotypes

Seem favorable but create overgeneralizations and pressure.

Prejudice

An emotion-based evaluation of a group, often negative.

Discrimination

Behavior towards a group based on their membership.

ABCs of Prejudice

Affect = Prejudice, Behavior = Discrimination, Cognition = Stereotypes.

Prejudice Without Discrimination

Holding negative attitudes without acting on them.

Discrimination Without Intent

Policies producing unequal outcomes without awareness.

Institutional Discrimination

Outcomes produced by organizational norms or laws.

Social Identity

Sense of self based on group memberships.

Intersectionality

Coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw; overlapping identities affect experiences.

Salience of Identity

Visibility of identities changes depending on context.

Privilege

Unearned access to resources due to group membership.

White Privilege

Automatic advantages experienced by White individuals.

Redlining

Policies denying loans to Black Americans, reinforcing racial wealth gaps.

Invisibility Thesis

White individuals often do not recognize their racial identity.

Meritocratic Threat

Fear that achievements are not fully earned due to privilege.

Group-Image Threat

Discomfort from being associated with a group benefiting from unfair advantages.

Missing White Woman Syndrome

Disproportionate media attention towards missing young White women.

Illusory Correlation

Perceiving a relationship between two variables that is weak or nonexistent.

Ingroup

A group you identify with.

Outgroup

A group you do not identify with.

Ingroup Favoritism

Preference for members of one’s own group.

Minimal Group Paradigm

Arbitrary group assignments create bias.

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Belief that outgroup members are all the same.

Self-Categorization Theory

Defining oneself as a member of social categories.

Ethnocentrism

Favoring one’s own racial or national group over others.

Top-Down Processing

Pre-existing schemas guide perception.

Stereotypes as Top-Down Cues

Stored beliefs bias interpretation of stimuli.

Stereotype Accuracy

Whether stereotypes align with objective group differences.

Cultural Transmission of Bias

Bias passed through language, media, and norms.

Gender Representation in Media

Men represented twice as often as women; women more sexualized.

Sexual Minority Representation

Extremely underrepresented in film and TV roles.

Villains and Mental Illness Trope

Media often portrays villains as mentally ill.

Superwoman Stereotype

Expectation for women to excel in multiple roles.

Media and Implicit Bias

Exposure to biased media linked to stronger implicit prejudice.

Beauty Magazine Exposure

Linked to internalization of thin ideals and body dissatisfaction.

Explicit Attitudes

Conscious, self-reported evaluations.

Implicit Attitudes

Automatic evaluations outside conscious awareness.

Key Insight About Bias

People may value equality yet still behave in biased ways due to influences.