Kunkle, Church History: THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES AND THE AGE OF REFORMATION

Rome

Early in 590AD ______ was in agony. It was suffering from natural disasters, the effects of war, sickness and a vacant Papal Chair.

It was in 590AD that Vatican officials consecrated ______ as Peter's successor, the Bishop of Rome.

Gregory

"God's Consul"

When Gregory died in 604, worn out after thirty years of prayers on the mountains and miracles in the cities, his epitaph proclaimed him _________.

papacy

The prestige of the ______ in the Middle Ages rests in large part on the practical government maintained by Gregory.

St. Benedict

Gregory confirmed the Rule of ________ at a council in Rome guaranteeing the liberty, and property of convents and by his example and influence rendered the biggest service to monastic life.

orthodoxy

Gregory not only yearned to advance the faith in distant places but took seriously his calling as defender of ____________.

remains

Gregory encouraged the collection and veneration of holy _______, the remains of saints and martyrs.

mass

Gregory was a strong believer in the power of the sacred _____. Such belief became an important component of medieval piety.

christian roman empire.

Pope Leo placed a crown on Charle's head and then prostrated himself. Charles the Great, King of the Franks had restored the _______________

Augustine's

Drawing on Saint _________ vision of the City of God, Charles the Great [Charlemagne] engrafted the Christian concept of a universal Catholic Church on the stock of the traditional Roman view of empire.

Christendom

In so doing [the above #10] Charlemagne gave to the medieval world __________, a unified society mingling religious [or eternal] concerns with earthly [or temporal] affairs.

Papal

The alliance between the Franks and the papacy created the ______ States which played a major role in Italian politics and would later contribute to the rivalry between pope and emperor.

church and state

In medieval theory, __________ were but two aspects of Christendom.

contestants

In fact, however, the pope and the emperor were __________. The ever-present question was, Should the rule the state or the state control the church?

Feudalism

_______ was a type of government in which political power was exercised locally by private individuals rather than by the agents of a centralized state.

church

Since the _______ was so much a part of medieval life, it could not escape inclusion in the feudal system. Bishops and abbots became vassals to secular rulers

archdeacon

In 1073, Hildebrand was elected pope and became _________. He claimed unprecedented power for the papacy. He insisted that spiritual power was supreme over the temporal.

Notre Dame

The Gothic Cathedral of __________ dedicated to the glory of God and the veneration of "Our Lady" this sanctuary reflects a fascinating image of life and spirit of the Christian Middle Ages.

papacy

Innocent III told the princes of Europe that ________ was like the sun, while kings were like the moon.

excommunication

The pope's first weapon in bringing peasants and princes to their knees was the threat of __________.

interdict

The pope's second weapon in the papal arsenal was the ________ which if used fell upon an entire nation. It suspended public worship and it withdrew the sacraments from the lands of rulers disobedient to the pope.

Crusades

The __________ reflected a new dynamism in Western Christianity.

Urban II

In 1095, Pope ________ proclaimed the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land from Islam.

True

T/F The inception of the Crusades ignited horrible attacks against Jews, and even fellow Christians were not exempt from rape and plunder.

False

T/F The long-range results of two centuries of crusading zeal was that the Crusades were a rousing success in every way.

universities

Cathedral schools gave birth to medieval _________.

Peter Abelard

The liveliest figure in the early states of the medieval intellectual revolution was ___________.

the papacy

All of the feverish intellectual activity of the Age of Scholasticism proceeded under the watchful eye of _______.

Canon law

___________ served the church just as civil law supported a secular government. It defined the rights, duties, and power of all people and priests within the church.

Thomas

_______ was a Dominican monk who, like Peter Abelard, honored reason above all other human attributes, yet distinguishing himself by his fidelity to the church as well as scholarship.

the church

According to Catholic theology, Christ won grace; __________ imparts it.

Holy Communion

The belief that the essence of the bread and wine in the Lord's Supper changes miraculously into the actual body and blood of Christ is called ________.

True

T/F Thomas set the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church in a grand, almost cosmic, framework.

Francis

Saint ______ of Assisi's song was of (34), his ideal for true Christianity and personal holiness.

Waldensians

The _______ wanted to purify the church by a return to the simple life of the apostles.

Dominican

In 1220, the _________ mission and lifestyle gained official approval. This new preaching order were mendicants, meaning "begging."

Inquisition

The early form of the ____________ appeared in 1184 when Pope Lucius III required bishops to "inquire" into the beliefs of their subjects. Heresy or the harboring of heretics brought immediate excommunication.

Franciscans

Francis called his group the Friars Minor. Today Francis' order is known as the ____________.

decline

Historians call the period between 1300 and 1500 the ________ of the Middle Ages because the idea of Christendom came under serious attack.

Unam Sanctam

Pope Boniface's _________ was the most extreme assertion of papal power in all of church history. He declared that it is altogether necessary that every human being be subject to the Roman pontiff. He could not make good on that claim.

The Babylonian Captivity

______________ of the papacy refers to a seventy-two-year period during which French popes ruled from Avignon France rather than from Rome.

Great Schism

The __________ refers to a period of papal history when there were two popes, one in Rome and the other in Avignon.

Constance

The Council of __________ ended the Great Schism of the papacy.

conciliar movement

The __________ aimed at transforming the papacy into something like a limited monarchy.

True

T/F The Babylonian Captivity at Avignon and the Great Schism of the papacy revealed fundamental flaws in the medieval papacy.

False

T/F The conciliar movement was a great success.

Wyclif

John ______ argued that the English government had the divinely assigned responsibility to correct the abuses of the church within its realm. In time he would challenge the whole range of medieval beliefs and practices. He would also assert the right of everyone to examine the Bible for himself.

John Hus.

The Wyclif revolt in England had greater success in Bohemia because it was joined to strong national party leader led by ________

Unitas Fratrum

The independent Bohemian church survived as the __________, or Unity of the Brotherhood.

True

T/F The revolts of Wyclif and Hus were crushed. This demonstrated that the reform of the papal church from within was impossible.

Martin Luther

A papal bull against __________ referred to him as a Wild Boar invading the vineyard.

"heretical, or scandalous, or false, or offensive to pious ears, or seductive of simple minds, or repugnant to Catholic truth"

The bull condemned forty-one of his beliefs as _____________ and called for him to repent and repudiate his errors.

Reformation

Behind today's differences between Catholics and Protestants lie the events of the age of Luther, a period in church history called the ___________.

Protestantism

Ernst Troeltsch defined ____________ as a modification of Catholicism in which Catholic problems remain, but different solutions are given.

Augustinian

Martin Luther set out to become a lawyer but wound up an ___________ monk.

Wittenberg

Luther became the chair of biblical studies at ___________ University.

only by faith in the merit of Christ's sacrifice

Luther came to believe that people are saved _______.

Indulgences

Armed with his newfound understanding of faith, Luther began to criticize the theology of _________ in his sermons.

ninety-five

Luther drew up ________ propositions [theses] for theological debate regarding the practice of indulgences and other issues and called for an academic debate. This was the spark that ignited the Reformation.

the Scriptures, not popes or councils

Luther also became convinced that the standard for Christian faith and behavior needed to be __________.

monasticism

Luther removed the necessity of (_________) by stressing that the essence of Christian living lies in serving God in one's calling, whether secular or ecclesiastical.

outlaw

Charles V called Luther to a Diet at Worms where he was commanded to recant his writings. Luther refused to do so. Charles declared Luther an ______.

Katherine Von Bora

Luther married a former nun named _________

Philip Melanchthon

_________ drafted the Augsburg Confession which was signed by Luthera princes and theologians.

False, it was religious not political.

T/F Luther's greatest contribution to history was political, not religious.

Anabaptism

__________, literally, "rebaptism," was in addition to Lutheranism and important expression of the Reformation.

the separation of church and state

In their belief in __________, the Anabaptists proved to be forerunners of practically all modern Protestants.

the nature of the church and its relation to civil governments

For most Anabaptists the fundamental issue was ______.

the restitution of apostolic Christianity, a return to churches of true believers

The Anabaptist's goal was _______.

preaching Bible-centered sermons from the pulpit

Ulrich Zwingli launched his version of reformation by ___________.

a heresy

In 1529, the Diet of Speyer proclaimed Anabaptism ____________.

Menno Simons

Anabaptists of the Lower Rhine area of Germany gained new heart through the ministry of _______. Although he was not the founder of the movement, most descendants of the Anabaptists are to this day named after him.

Calvin's

_________ leadership shaped a third Reformation tradition. Today it is called Reformed or Calvinist Christianity.

the sovereignty of God

Calvin's central doctrine was __________

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's _____________ was the clearest, most logical, and most readable exposition of Protestant doctrine that the Reformation age produced.

True

T/F: The city most associated with John Calvin is Geneva, Switzerland.

divine election

Calvin considered _______ the deepest source of confidence, humility and moral power in the Christian's life.

Huguenots

French Calvinists were known as __________.

John Knox

The person best associated with Calvinism in Scotland is _________.

King Henry VIII

In a sense England had two reformations: a constitutional one under _________ and a theological one under the Puritans almost a century later.

True

T/F: Succession to the throne of England was the primary constitutional factor in the transformation of the church in England into the Church of England.

The Act of Supremacy

__________ made the King of England the supreme head in earth of the Church of England.

Wiliam Tyndale

The pioneer in the translation of the English Bible was ___________.

Elizabeth I

With the accession to the throne of _______ the Anglican Church assumed its distinctive character, neither Roman nor Reformed.

Elizabeth's Thirty-Nine Articles

_______________ of the Church of England were essentially Protestant, but many articles were worded in a way that would satisfy both Catholics and Protestants.

The Jesuits

The Society of Jesus, also known as ___________ was the single greatest force in Catholicism's campaign to recapture the spiritual domain seized by Protestantism.

Trent

Pope Paul called for a general council of the Catholic Church to me at _______, a small town in Northern Italy.

Ignatius Loyola

The person most associated with the Society of Jesus is __________.

the order

The aim of _______ was to restore the Roman Catholic Church to the position of spiritual power and worldly influence it had held three centuries before under Innocent III.

Puritanism

While it endured as a distinct historical movement- between 1560 and 1660- _______ provided for Christians of every generation a model of the Christian life as a decisive commitment to Jesus Christ and how the life of the soul expresses itself in the public arena, in a nation governed by the truths of the Bible.

evangelical

In its emphasis on the interior life of the saint, Puritanism was a taproot of later _________ Christianity with its born-again message.

Geneva Bible

The Puritan's zeal to purify the Church of England was fired by eager reading of popular versions of the Bible. Chief among these was the _________, the Bible that the Puritans carried to America.

covenant

The key to the Puritan view of the Bible and of themselves lay in their understanding of the fundamental biblical concept called ________.

Separatists

Some Puritans became _________. They were called this because they were intent on leaving the Church of England. Some of them came to New England on the Mayflower. They are sometimes called the Pilgrims.

Presbyterians

Parliament called to Westminster scores of Puritan theologians and assigned them the task of creating a new form of worship and a new form of church government for the Church of England. They produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and a Larger and Shorter Catechism. Many orthodox _________ and Congregationalists use these documents to this day.

Denominations

___________ remain the institutional hallmark of modern Christianity.

the Thirty Years' War

The last and most devastating of the so-called wars of religion was _____________

Denominationalism

Out of the sheer futility, the religious zeal of Catholics and Calvinists cooled, and people began to question the territorial idea that a given territory had to have one religion. ____________ was the alternative.

Congregational

The ___________ Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were determined to establish a new Zion in the American wilderness. Over time the Puritan devotion to the Bible, the presence of the wilderness, and the English policy of toleration combined to undercut the insistence on conformity of the New England Puritans.

denominational

The ___________ theory of the church insists that the true church cannot be identified with any single ecclesiastical structure. Each denomination constitutes a different form of the larger life of the church.