1.5

Ions

Positively or negatively charged particles formed when certain substances dissolve in a solvent.

Ionization

Occurs when a non-ionic compound is converted into ions.

pH Scale

Converts the amount of H+ ions into a number from 0 to 14.

Neutral Solution

A solution with equal numbers of H+ and OH– ions, having a pH of 7.

Acidic Solution

A solution with more H+ than OH– ions, having a pH less than 7.

Alkaline (Basic) Solution

A solution with more OH– than H+ ions, having a pH greater than 7.

Buffer

A substance that maintains the pH of a system even when external conditions threaten to change pH.

Acidosis

A condition where blood pH falls below 7.35, leading to depression of CNS, coma, or death.

Alkalosis

A condition where blood pH rises above 7.45, resulting in spasms or convulsions.

Importance of Buffers

Buffers allow stable pH for chemical reactions and protect the internal environment of cells.

Limitations of Buffers

Buffers can be used up if too much acid or base is added, causing significant pH changes.