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Fetal structure: Foramen ovale

Open shunt from right to left atrium. Becomes the fossa ovalis after birth.

Fetal structure: Ductus arteriosus

Open shunt from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth.

Fetal structure: Ductus venosus

Open shunt that bypasses some liver circulation. Becomes the ligamentum venosum after birth.

ECG: P wave

Atrial depolarization

ECG: QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization

ECG: T wave

Ventricular repolarization

Heart Sound: S1

Produced by the closure of the AV (atrioventricular) valves. Marks the start of systole.

Heart Sound: S2

Produced by the closure of the Semilunar valves. Marks the start of diastole.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) function

Promotes sodium and water loss in urine. Lowers blood volume and blood pressure.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) function

Conserves sodium and water. Increases blood pressure.

Cardiovascular impact of a severe hemorrhage

Reduces blood volume, venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Can lead to shock.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus pathology

Insufficient insulin production caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Glucagon primary action

Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose from the liver.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) primary function

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Fibrinolysis definition

The process of the breakdown and removal of a blood clot after healing has occurred.