(UNFINISHED) Exam 3 Study Guide

Gestalt approach

Perceiving objects as a whole rather than the sum of individual parts.

Figure-ground perception

Distinguishing between object and background.

Grouping principles

Principles in psychology to explain how humans perceive objects as organized patterns.

Binocular cues for depth

Depth cues perceived with both eyes.

Monocular cues for depth

Depth cues perceived with one eye.

Retinal (binocular) disparity

Images producing different images on each retina.

Convergence

Inward turning of eyes towards a nearby object.

Relative size, relative clarity, linear perspective

Monocular depth cues.

Perceptual constancy

Consistent perception despite changing sensations.

Classical conditioning

Learning to respond to a new stimulus associated with another stimulus.

Unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, conditioned stimulus

Components of classical conditioning.

Acquisition

Stage of learning the association between stimuli.

Generalization

Conditioned response to similar stimuli.

Discrimination

Conditioned response to a specific stimulus.

Extinction

Failure to exhibit conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction.

Second-order conditioning

New neutral stimulus associated with a conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned aversion

Association between a stimulus and an unpleasant response.

Observational learning

Learning by observing others' behavior.

Modeling

Imitating others' behavior.

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Memory processes.

Sensory, short-term, long-term memory

Types of memory.

Iconic, echoic memory

Types of sensory memory.

Explicit, implicit memory

Types of long-term memory.

Semantic, episodic memory

Types of explicit memory.

Recall, recognition, relearning

Memory retrieval processes.

Chunking, mnemonics

Memory organization strategies.

Maintenance, elaborative rehearsal

Memory rehearsal techniques.

Levels of processing theory

Information processing depth affecting recall.

Context-dependent, state-dependent memory

Memory retrieval influenced by context or state.

Encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure

Memory failure processes.

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve

Initial forgetting after memory formation.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Inability to retrieve specific words.

Anterograde, retrograde amnesia

Types of memory loss.

Eyewitness testimony reliability

Loftus's study on leading questions and memory distortion.

Base rates

The frequency with which given events or cases occur in the population.

Base-rate fallacy

The error of ignoring base rates when making judgments using the representativeness heuristic.