Hepatitis

HAV and HEV are transmitted through the __________ route, often due to contaminated food or water.

fecal-oral

HBV, HCV, and HDV are transmitted through __________ routes, which means exposure to infected blood.

parenteral

Acute liver infection symptoms may include general flu-like symptoms and mild to moderate pain in the __________ abdomen.

upper right

Chronic HBV infection can lead to chronic infection in __________ of cases, especially in infants.

90%

HCV frequently progresses to chronic liver disease, with __________ of infected individuals developing chronic infection.

85%

The RNA virus __________ requires the presence of HBV for replication.

HDV

A formalin-inactivated HAV vaccine is available for __________.

prevention

Treatment for chronic HBV infection includes antivirals such as alpha interferon and __________.

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

The 'core window' refers to a period during acute HBV infection when HBsAg may become __________.

undetectable

HCV is primarily screened using the __________ assay.

ELISA

Superinfection occurs when an individual with a chronic hepatitis infection, such as chronic HBV, becomes infected with a __________ hepatitis virus.

second

Total anti-HAV antibodies appear after IgM anti-HAV and indicate __________ to HAV.

immunity

HAV-IgM specifically detects IgM antibodies, indicating an acute __________.

infection

Markers such as HBsAg and anti-HCV are used to detect HBV and HCV infections in __________ donations.

blood

Elevated ALT levels suggest __________ cell damage.

liver

The initial laboratory findings in liver disease often include elevated levels of bilirubin, ALT, and __________.

AST