Module 1 Week 2 Female/Male Reproductive Disorders, Female Breast Disorders, LGBTQ Health, STIs

Vulva

The collective term for external female reproductive structures, including the labia and clitoris.

Three layers of the uterus

Inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and outer perimetrium.

Site of fertilization

The fallopian tubes.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) role

Stimulates egg development in the ovaries.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) role

Triggers ovulation.

Estrogen role

Thickens the endometrium.

Progesterone role

Prepares the endometrium for implantation.

Perimenopause

Transitional phase starting around age 35, characterized by fluctuating hormones and irregular cycles.

Menopause clinical diagnosis

Twelve consecutive months with no menstrual bleeding.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods.

Amenorrhea

The absence of menstrual periods.

Menorrhagia

Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

Metrorrhagia

Bleeding between periods.

Candidiasis (Yeast infection) symptoms

Severe itching and thick, white, curd-like discharge.

Bacterial vaginosis symptoms

Thin, gray/yellow discharge with a fishy odor.

Trichomoniasis

Protozoan STI causing a frothy, green, malodorous discharge.

Fistula

An abnormal opening between organs, such as the bladder and vagina.

Pelvic organ prolapse types

Cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele.

Pelvic organ prolapse management

Kegel exercises, pessaries, or surgery.

Uterine fibroids

Benign muscle tumors causing heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure, and bloating.

Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue growing outside the uterus, causing pain, adhesions, and infertility.

Cervical cancer primary cause

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

Cervical cancer early symptoms

None (completely asymptomatic).

Cervical cancer late symptoms

Post-intercourse bleeding and dark, foul discharge.

Cervical cancer detection method

Pap smear.

Cervical cancer treatments

Excision, hysterectomy, or radiation.

Most common gynecologic cancer

Uterine (endometrial) cancer.

Uterine cancer risk factors

Obesity and excess estrogen exposure.

Uterine cancer major red flag

Post-menopausal bleeding.

Uterine cancer typical surgery

Total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Ovarian cancer nickname

The "Silent Killer" due to vague early symptoms.

Ovarian cancer early symptoms

Bloating, pelvic pressure, and feeling full quickly.

Ovarian cancer risk factors

BRCA mutations and family history.

Hysterectomy pre-operative requirements

Stopping anticoagulants and ruling out pregnancy.

Hysterectomy post-operative monitoring priorities

Hemorrhage, DVT, pulmonary embolism (PE), bladder dysfunction, and infection.

Hysterectomy sexual health education

Reassure that orgasms arise from clitoral stimulation, not the uterus.

Abnormal breast inspection findings

Retraction signs (dimpling), peau d'orange, new nipple inversion, discharge, or ulceration.

Peau d'orange

An orange-peel skin appearance indicative of inflammatory breast cancer.

Breast palpation technique

Using flat pads of fingers in small circles, including the axillary tail.

Benign breast mass characteristics

Typically round, rubbery, and freely mobile.

Malignant breast mass characteristics

Usually hard, irregularly shaped, fixed (immobile), and non-tender.

Breast ultrasound purpose

To distinguish fluid-filled cysts from solid masses.

Definitive breast cancer diagnosis

A biopsy is the only way to confirm a diagnosis.

Tamoxifen

A targeted hormonal therapy used in breast cancer treatment.

Breast Surgery Lymphedema prevention measures

Lifetime hand/arm precautions and range-of-motion exercises starting post-op day two.

Male reproductive issues initial presentation

Urinary symptoms (frequency, urgency, nocturia, decreased stream) because the prostate wraps around the urethra.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) causes

Psychogenic (anxiety, depression) or organic (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, medications).

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) mechanism

Enlarged prostate compresses the urethra, leading to obstructive voiding, retention, UTIs, and kidney damage.

Prostate cancer epidemiology

Most common cancer in men (excluding skin); highest risk in African American men.

Prostate cancer early detection

Asymptomatic early; detected via elevated PSA blood test or DRE (stony, hard, fixed nodule).

Testicular cancer classic sign and age group

Painless lump or enlargement of the testicle in young men aged 15-35.

Testicular cancer major risk factor

Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism).

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) medical treatment

PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., Viagra).

BPH medical and surgical management

Alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, or surgery like TURP.

Post-prostate surgery complications

Hemorrhage, VTE, catheter obstruction, incontinence, and TURP syndrome.

TURP syndrome

Life-threatening fluid overload and hyponatremia caused by absorption of bladder irrigation fluid.

Post-prostatectomy bladder irrigation rule

Continuous bladder irrigation output fluid must equal input fluid.

PDE-5 inhibitors major contraindication

Absolutely contraindicated with nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin) due to severe, fatal hypotension.

Testicular self-exam teaching

Perform monthly, rolling the testicle between thumb and fingers to feel for pea-sized lumps.

Sex (biological classification)

The biological classification assigned at birth.

Gender identity vs. Gender presentation

Identity is private self-perception; presentation is how one expresses gender externally.

Cisgender vs. Transgender

Cisgender aligns with assigned sex; transgender implies incongruence between them.

Sexuality

Romantic or sexual attraction, completely separate from gender.

Differences of Sex Development (DSD) incidence

Occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 to 4500 births.

Differences of Sex Development (DSD) examples

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and androgen insensitivity syndrome.

DSD surgical guidelines

Delay surgery until patient consent is possible, unless medically necessary.

Gender dysphoria

Distress caused by a mismatch between assigned sex and gender identity.

Gender affirmation

Relieving dysphoria through social, medical, and surgical changes.

LGBTQ+ health disparities

Higher depression/suicide, lower cancer screenings, poverty, and healthcare discrimination.

Nursing communication for LGBTQ+ patients

Use open-ended, non-judgmental questions and avoid appearance-based assumptions.

Nursing action for pronoun mistakes

Briefly apologize and move on.

Sensitive physical assessments in LGBTQ+ care

Proceed with continuous consent and utilize patient's preferred terminology.

HPV prevalence and complications

Most common STI (85% contract it); high-risk strains cause cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Syphilis stages and symptoms

Primary: painless chancre; Secondary: palm/sole rash; Tertiary: neurological and cardiovascular damage.

Herpes (HSV-1/HSV-2) characteristics

Chronic, lifelong viral infection causing clustered, painful, vesicular rashes; contagious with open lesions.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea complications

Can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility in women, and blindness in newborns.

HIV initial presentation

Retrovirus attacking the immune system, initially presenting with non-specific flu-like symptoms.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea detection method

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) via vaginal/urethral swabs or urine tests.

HIV diagnostic test

Blood antigen-antibody immunoassays.

Syphilis treatment

Penicillin (antimicrobial).

Trichomoniasis treatment

Metronidazole (antimicrobial).

Preventing STI "ping-pong" reinfection

Treat all sexual partners simultaneously for curable bacterial infections.

HPV vaccine timing recommendation

Recommended for youth around 11-12 years old before sexual exposure.

STI reporting and confidentiality education

Nurses must explain confidentiality parameters and mandatory health department reporting requirements, especially to adolescents.