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F1 Generation

First group of offspring produced by a set of parents

F2 Generation

Offspring produced from F1 generation

Recessive Allele

an allele with a phenotype that does not appear in heterozygous individuals

Dominant Allele

An allele with a phenotype that appears in heterozygous individuals

Homozygous

Having 2 copies of same allele

Heterozygous

Having 2 different alleles for a gene

Principle of segregation

alleles of the same gene separate from each other prior to gamete formation

Principle of independent assortment

alleles of different genes go into gametes independently of each other, making every combination of alleles from different genes equally likely

Wild type

The typical/most common version of allele/phenotype, typically occurs in natural/non-mutated population

Co-dominant alleles

Heterozygotes have the phenotype associated with both alleles present

Autosome

Any chromosome associated with sex of individual

Sex-linked genes

Genes found on sex chromosome

Linked genes

genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together during cell division (meiosis)

Polygenic traits

physical/biological characteristic that is controlled by cumulative, additive effects of 2 or more genes

Genome

the entire collection of genes in an individual (indiv locations referred to as loci)

Pedigree

is a diagram that racks how a specific trait/genetic condition/disease is inherited across multiple generations of family

Null Model

specifies the result that should be observed when a process is NOT occuring

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Random mating, large population size, genetic drift but NO mutation and gene flow

Genetic drift

Change in frequency of gene variants (alleles) in population over time due to random change

Gene flow

causes allele frequencies to change when individuals and their alleles move from one population to join another population

Gene pool

Complete set of all gametes tossed into a pool then drawn out at random to produce offspring

Assortative mating

Happens when an individual chooses mates on the basis of having same or different phenotypes as themselves

Inbreeding

When there is mating among relatives

Founder events

When a number of individuals disperse to a new habitat and found or establish a completely new population

Genetic bottlenecks

Occur when a species undergoes a large + rapid decrease in population size due to disease epidemic/catastrophic storm

Maladaptive

Leading to lower fitness

Mutation

ANY change in nucleotide sequence in DNA

Fitness consequences of mutation

mutation can be deleterious, neutral, beneficial

Non-random mating

Occurs when individuals within a pop ar more or less likely to mate with other individuals based on phenotypes or other factors

Positive assortative mating

individuals have a preference for genotypes/genotypes SIMILAR to themselves

Negative assortative mating

individuals have a preference for genotypes/phenotypes DIFFERENT from themselves

Keystone species

a species whose impact on the ecosystem is overly large in comparison to their abundance

Foundation species

play a significant role in creating, often defining, the ecosystem in which it inhibits

Ecosystem Engineer species

physically alter the ecosystem or habitat in significant ways

Competition

interaction between 2 species that negatively impacts both

Amensalism

one species is negatively affected while the other receives NO benefit from it

Exploitation

when one species is positively affected with another species while the other is negatively affected

Commensalism

occurs when one species is positively affected by its interactions with another species while the other is not impacted at all

Symbiosis

Can be a positive interaction between species or negative interactions

Obligate interactions

particular partner cannot survive/complete its life cycle WITHOUT interaction with its partner species

Flucalative interactions

Indicate that interaction is optional, even though one (or both) species may benefit from interacting with each other

Tropic webs

graphical representation of feeding relationships between multiple species with an ecosystem

Competitive exclusion principle

applies when 2 species competing for the same reason cannot coexist

Resource partitioning

where 2 individuals/species competing for the same resources subdivide their ecosystem to minimize, rarely eliminate, the overlap between them

Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model

mathematically describes how population of predators and their prey influence one another through time

Reciprocal density dependance

population density of one species influences the population growth of another species, which in turn influences population growth of the first

Character displacement

evolutionary process in which intraspecific competition drives heritable changes in traits between 2 or more species

Allopartry

condition where 2 different population do not occupy the same physical space and do not interact with one another

Sympatry

when 2 populations occupy the same physical space interact

Trait matching

when 2 species have distinct characteristics that evolve together with one another to increase their mutualism and maximize the benefits from their interactions

Evolutionary arms races

involve 2 species antagonistically coevolving to produce increasingly specialized offensive and defence traits creating reciprocal changes over successive generations