mid term prin of crim invest

Jonathan Wild

An 18th-century criminal mastermind who simultaneously operated as law enforcement and a thief leader, he ran a brothel which was a headquarters for thieves and ran a "Property Office" that returned stolen goods for a fee before being convicted and hanged.

Watch of london

 first police who only worked at night, Each home owner was expected to take part, Later called "old Charleys" and paid by homeowners.

Henry Fielding

 appointed magistrate in Westminsterand created englands first police force "Bow street runners"

Bow Street Runners

volunteers who run to the scene of a crime to take thieves and collect evidence. They would receive pay from thief taker rewards a percentage of all fines resultijg from prosecutions.

Francois Eugene Vidocq

founder  of french detective police department and modern criminology. Pioneered undercover work, anthropometrics, ballistics, and careful crime scene investigation

Scotland yard

 created by Sir robert peel in 1829, responsible for protection of important persons, community patrols, public, public affairs, and recruit and management of personnel

Metropolitan police act of 1829

 nicknamed Peelers and bobbies, result of reels decision to make the force directly responsible to himself in the home office.

Texas rangers

•  the oldest state law enforcement in America after a rise of crime during america's westward expansion

Bertillon system

idea that the human body remains the same after physical maturity.

Antropometry

A system of criminal identification developed by Alphonse Bertillon, measured 11 different body parts

Fingerprinting

 used to sign contracts in China during T'ang Dynasty, Persia in the 14th century and England in the 14th

Henry System

 named after Edward Henry who devloped a system to classify file and retrieve 10 finger print, useful for identification.      

J edgar Hoover

 first director of the FBI 1935- 1972. Introduced innovations in federal law enforcement, fingerprint identification standards, crime statistics, Forensic examination.

RAND study

nationwide study of criminal investigations by police agencies. Goal was to determine how police investigations were organized, managed, and activities related to the effectiveness of overall police functioning. Found most property offensives received only cursory attention

Perf Study

considered the roles played by detectives and patrol officers in burglary and robbery investigations. Found officers and detectives contribute equally in resolution of cases and relied too much on victim statements. Also more emphasis needs to be placed on physical evidence, locating witnesses, and using records to develop suspects.

Objective of criminal investigation

detect crime, locate and identify suspects, arrest suspects, recover stolen property, and prepare cases for prosecution.

4th Amendment

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

5th Amendment

A constitutional amendment that protects individuals from self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and being deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

6th amendment

A constitutional amendment that guarantees criminal defendants the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, the right to legal counsel, and the right to confront and call witnesses.

14th amendment

A  constitutional amendment that guarantees citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and ensures they receive due process and equal protection under the law.

Probable cause

is the minimum amount of information necessary to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed. Which can be established through observations or third parties, usually takes more than single fac or circumstance

Search

 occurs whenever the government violates a person's reasonable expectation of privacy or physically intrudes upon a constitutionally protected area7 to gather information.

Exceptions to a search warrant

 Carroll doctrine (movable vehicle), consent search, search incident to arrest, exigent circumstances

The Warrant must contain the following information

• Reasons to request the search

• Name of the officer requesting the warrant

• Items to be seized

• Specific place to be searched

• Signature of the issuing judge

Consent search

when a person gives an officer consent to conduct a search, the person must access and control of the item to be searched in order to grant consent

Exclusionary rule

he exclusion of any evidence that was illegally obtained despite being material and relevant. Relates to search and seizure, arrests, interrogations, and stop and frisk violations.

Anticipatory search warrants

based on the probable cause belief that at some future time, particular evidence of a crime will be located at a particular place, requires triggering conditions

Exigent circumstances

 applies in the following situations: danger of flight or escape, loss or destruction of evidence, risk of harm to the public police, hot pursuit

Stop and frisk searches

if an officer has reasonable suspicion that a suspect is involved in criminal activity they may stop them and conduct a pat down for the officer's safety if they believe they are armed and dangerous

Reasonable suspicion

 legal standard of proof less than P.C, but man than a hunch, must be based on specific and articulable facts.

Arrest are permissible in the following situations:

• When a warrant has been issued

• When a crime is committed in the presence of an arresting officer

• When officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect being arrested has committed a felony

• In statutorily created instances

Locard principle

 asserts that when perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of themselves and take away something. "every contact leaves a trace"

Trace evidence

any evidence that is minute and left at or taken from a crime scene or the result of contact between two surfaces

Physical evidence

 can prove the elements of a crime or reveal that a crime has been committed.

Corpus delicti

refers to evidence that established that a crime has been committed

Associative evidence

links suspect to a crime

Prima facie evidence

 is established by law and proves a fact in a dispute based on it face value

Indirect or circumstantial

tends to incriminate a person with offering conclusive proof

Testimonial

 verbal statement from a witness while under oath

Demonstrative evidence

 is used to demonstrate or clarify an issue.

Evidence recovery log

 a chronological record of who found what evidence where, witnessed by whom and notations about other way the evidence may have been documented

Evidence must document

who collected, it where it was collected and when it was collected.

Chain of custody

 reflects who has handled the evidence, when was handled , why the evidence was handled, and what changes if any were made.

Securing the scene

 requires responding officers to ensure their actions or the actions of others do not disturb the crime scene. Should only enter to determine if a crime occurred, aid victims, apprehend perpetrators, secure the area.

Improper entry to the crime scene may

 destory or contaminate evidence, introduce items that may mislead investigator, provide attorneys a basis for discrediting findings

Crime scene entry log

list of everyone who enters the crime scene

Search patterns

 spiral search (useful when a search has a focal point (ex: body in an open field), grid search (useful in large out door areas) , strip or line search (outdoor areas) , quadrant or zone search (best used for indoor complex and or cluttered rooms.)'

Neighborhood canvass

 should be conducted during the early phases of investigation to identify material witnesses and general witnesses. Should be thorough, speak to everyone separately and seek proof of identity.

Field notes

 the brief, permanent written record made by an investigator or police officer at the crime scene. Provide aid to an investigator to recall for when they have to write an official report.

Weeks vs US

Police searched Fremont Weeks' home without a warrant and seized evidence used to convict him of illegal gambling. The Supreme Court ruled this search unconstitutional, establishing the exclusionary rule at the federal level, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in federal courts.

Mapp vs ohio

Police forcibly entered Dollree Mapp's home without a valid warrant while searching for a suspect, finding illegal material instead. The Supreme Court expanded the exclusionary rule, holding under the Fourteenth Amendment that evidence obtained through Fourth Amendment violations is inadmissible in state court proceedings as well as federal ones.

Chimel v California

Officers arrested Chimel at his home with an arrest warrant and subsequently conducted a comprehensive search of his entire three-bedroom house without a search warrant. The Court limited warrantless searches incident to a lawful arrest strictly to the arrestee's person and the "grabable area" immediately within their reach to prevent destruction of evidence or harm to officers.

Arizona V gant

Rodney Gant was arrested for driving with a suspended license, handcuffed, and locked in a patrol car before officers searched his vehicle and found drugs. The Supreme Court narrowed vehicle searches incident to arrest, ruling police may search a vehicle only if the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the passenger compartment, or if it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence relevant to the crime of arrest.

Nix V williams

 Robert Williams made incriminating statements without counsel that led police to discover a victim's body while a massive search party was already approaching the area. The Supreme Court created the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule, allowing evidence obtained unconstitutionally to be admitted if the prosecution can prove it would have ultimately been discovered by lawful means anyway

Terry v. Ohio:

•  an officer patted down suspicious men casing a store and discovered hidden weapons. The Supreme Court ruled that police can briefly detain a person on reasonable suspicion and frisk them for weapons if they believe the person is armed and dangerous, establishing the standard for a "Terry stop.".