PCB3073 - Cardiovascular pt.1 - UCF Ahangari

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

1. Transportation

2. Regulation

3. Protection

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transportation : carries respiratory gases, metabolites, nutrients

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regulation : hormonal , temperature

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protection :

Clotting, the circulatory system protects against blood loss from injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body.

Immune, the immune function of the blood is performed by the leukocytes that protect against many disease

Compare the blood volume in males vs. females.

males : 5-6 L

females : 4-5 L

Blood is a specialized connective tissue which contains cellular and liquid components, which portion is cellular and which is liquid.

Blood cells - formed elements (cellular)

Plasma - fluid portion

What is hematocrit? What is the difference between males & females?

The percentage of the blood volume that consists of RBCs.

Males : 42-53%

Females : 37-47%

T/F : Blood plasma is about 90% water, and contains ions (Na+), nutrients, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, wastes, and proteins

TRUE!

What are the 3 main plasma proteins?

1. Albumin (60-80%)

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogen

Which of the 3 main plasma proteins does this describe :

are produced by the liver and provide the osmotic pressure needed to draw water from the surrounding tissue fluid into the capillaries

albumin

Which of the 3 main plasma proteins does this describe :

alpha, beta, gamma. Alpha, beta are produced by the liver and function in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and function in immunity

globulins

Which of the 3 main plasma proteins does this describe :

important clotting factor produced by the liver. The fluid from clotted blood, called serum

fibrinogen

What is hepatitis? How do you treat it?

viral infection of the liver. you cannot really treat it, instead, you give gamma globulin (in increases the immune system in hepatitis)

What is the function of erythrocytes.

transport O2 & CO2

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It contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules (gives blood its red color), each hg molecule consists of four protein chain called globins, each of which is bound to one heme, a red-pigmented molecule that contains iron, the iron group of heme is able to combines with oxygen in the lungs and release oxygen in the tissues.

How are RBCs produced? What is the initiating event? What horomone gets released to stimulate RBC production?

Is mainly controlled by a hormonal mechanism. Cellular O2 deficiency is the initiating event in the production and release of the hormone erythropoietin (90% is produced in the glomeruli of the kidney, the rest mainly in the liver). Which stimulates red cell production in the bone marrow

Where is erythropoietin produced?

90% in glomeruli of kidney ; rest mostly in liver

What is the life span of RBCs?

120 days

What happens to RBCs after 120 days?

Aged RBCs are removed from the blood in sinuses of the spleen and are degraded

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damaged RBCs get converted into bilirubin (bilirubin gives a green color to feces; bilirubin is produced in the liver)

T/F : Leukocytes (WBCs) contain nuclei and mitochondria and can move in an amoeboid fashion. Becuase of this, they can squeeze through pores in capillary walls and move to a site of infection (Diapedesis or extraversion)

true!

What are the 2 types of WBC & their subtypes?

1. Agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes,monocytes)

2. Granular leukocyes (eosinophils, basophils,neutrophils)

What is the function of neutrophils?

phagocytose bacteria

What is the function of eosinophils?

turn of allergic responses and kill parasites

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level increases during allergic reaction

What is the function of basophils?

release histamine and other mediators of inflammation

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level increases during inflammation

What is the function of lymphocytes?

mount immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)

What is the function of monocytes?

phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

lymphocytes compose ____________% of WBCs?

20-45%

Lymphocytes are the most important cells of the immune system, their nucleus stains ______________.

dark purple

What makes lymphocytes effective?

Effective in fighting infectious organisms, act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)

What are the two main classes of lymphocytes?

T cells – attack foreign cells directly

B cells – multiply to become plasma cells, secrete antibodies

Monocytes compose ____________% of WBCs?

4-8%

T/F : monocytes are the largest leukocytes, are phagocytic cells, have kidney shaped nuclei, and transform into macrophages.

true!

What is the role of platelets?

blood clotting, by releasing serotonin, which stimulates constriction of the blood vessels, reducing the flow of blood to the injured area. Platelets also secrete growth factors , autocrine regulators

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the first thing that comes to the bleeding site is platelets. they stop the bleeding

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seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

What is hematopoiesis?

blood cell formation

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HP give rise to blood cells originate in the yolk sac of the human embryo and then migrate to the liver of the fetus. The stem cells then migrate to the bone marrow

Differentiate between erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis.

Erythropoiesis : formation of eryhtrocytes

Leukopoiesis : formation of leukocytes

What are the two classes of hematopoiesis (different processes)?

These processes occur in two classes of tissues after birth, myeloid and lymphoid

What is myeloid tissue?

Myeloid tissue is the red bone marrow of the long bones, sternum, pelvis, bodies of the vertebrae

What is lymphoid tissue?

Lymphoid tissue includes the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus.

Where are all of the different types of blood cells cells produced?

bone marrow

During embryonic life at 4 weeks, the embryo is connected to the _________________.

yolk sac

What are the 2 functions of the wall of the yolk sac?

1. produces stem/mother cells

2. produces germ cells (M-XY;F-XX)

What gives nutrients to the embryo during the first few weeks of pregnancy , because during that time, there is no complete connection between the placenta & the embryo

yolk sac

the first 8 weeks of pregnancy is called the ____________, whereas from 9 weeks until birth, its called the ______________.

embryo ; fetus

When the fetus has a liver, the liver takes over the production of ________________.

blood cells.

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but! in new borns and adults, the bone marrow produces blood cells

All blood cells originate in bone marrow from one cell type, called ____________________.

blood stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to ______________________.

lymphocytes (B & T lymphocytes)

Myeloid stem cells give rise to ________________.

all other blood cells (erythrocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, & platelets)

The production of RBCs & synthesis of hemoglobin depends on the supply of what 3 thins?

1. Iron

2. Vitamin B12

3. Folic Acid

Deficiency of RBCs leads to _______________.

anemia

What is pernicious anemia a result of?

inadequate amount of vitamin B12

What is aplastic anemia a result of?

destruction of bone marrow (chemical or radiation)

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may be seen in cancer patients due to radiation therapy

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concnetrations are low

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

F. Anemia

blood loss

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

G. Normocytic anemia

iron deficiency

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

B. microcytic anemia

Vitmin B12 or Folate deficiency

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

A. Macrocytic anemia

inherited condition, defective hemoglobin molecule. Erythrocytes distors into a sickle shape.

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

D. Sickle Cell Anemia

a form of cancer (can be lymphoblastic or myeloblastic)

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

E. Leukemia

abnormally low concentration of platelets

A. Macrocytic anemia

B. Microcytic anemia

C. polycythemia

D. Sickle Cell Disease

E. Leukemia

F. Anemia

G. Normocytic anemia

H. Thrombocytopenia

H. Thrombocytopenia

What are the 2 types of polycythemia (AKA polyvera)?

1. PRIMARY POLYVERA

-irritation of bone marrow, which causes the bone marrow to release excess RBCs & platelets.

- the overproduction of RBCs makes blood more concentrated, leading to : hypertension, headaches, noce bleeds, & vertigo

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2. SECONDARY POLYVERA

- overproduction of erythropoiten , which stimulates the bone marrow & there is excess RBC production

Overproduction of WBCs leads to what?

weak immune system

Overporiduction of platelets leads to what?

blod clot formation, which increases risk for : myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerosis

What is hemoglobin? What kind of hemoglobin do normal RBCs contain? What are the 2 types of abnormal hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin - is the main substance of the red blood cell. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the air in our lungs to all parts of the body. Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin A.

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Normal red blood cells are soft and round and can squeeze through tiny blood tubes (vessels). Normally, red blood cells live for about 120 days before new ones replace them.

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Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C are abnormal types of hemoglobin

What is sickle cell disease? What type of hemoglobin do they have?

Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. People with sickle cell disease have red blood cells that contain mostly hemoglobin* S, an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and have difficulty passing through small blood vessels

What are the clinical signs & symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Sickle cells are destroyed rapidly in the body of people with the disease causing anemia, jaundice and the formation of pigment gallstones. Almost all patients with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes (crises), which can last from hours to days. These crises can affect the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest.

Attacks of abdominal pain

Bone pain

Breathlessness

Delayed growth and puberty

Fatigue

Fever

Jaundice

Paleness

Rapid heart rate

Ulcers on the lower leg

Increased risk for infection & inflammation

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damaged RBCs cause increase for bilirubin, which results in jaundice. Jaundice presents with yellowish skin tint

What is the treatment for sickle cell disease?

They should take supplements of folic acid.

Antibiotics and vaccines are given to prevent bacterial infections

What is leukemia? Where does it start?

is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone marrow is where blood cells are made. The bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells. They don't do the work of normal white blood cells, they grow faster than normal cells, and they don't stop growing when they should

Leukemia can be acute or chronic. What are the 2 types of acute/chronic leukemia? What does each type effect & produce?

Lymphocytic (or lymphoblastic) leukemia affects white blood cells called lymphocytes, it produces large numbers of mature white blood cells (lymphocytes).

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Myelogenous leukemia affects white blood cells called myelocytes. It produces large numbers of immature and mature white blood cells (myelocytes).

What are the signs/symptoms of leukemia?

Fever and night sweats

Headache

Bleeding easily

Bone or joint pain

Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, neck

Getting a lot of infections

weakness

Losing weight

What are the 4 forms of treatment of leukemia?

1. Chemotherapy to kill leukemia cells using strong anti cancer drugs;

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2. Interferon-alpha (INFa) therapy to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote the immune system's anti-leukemia activity; controls immature WBC production

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3. Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells by exposure to high-energy radiation.

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4. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy; takes stme/mother cells from healthy persons bone marrow & transplants them into cancer patients

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

1. tunica intima (simple squamous epithelium)

2. tunica media (sheets of smooth m.)

3. tunica externa (connective tissue)

The largest artery is the aorta (artery), it has the highest pressure at ________________. Wheras the SVC/IVC (vein) have a pressure of only _______________.

aorta - 100 mmHg

SVC/IVC - 4 mmHg

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arteries ALWAYS have more pressure

What are the 3 types of arteries? Describe them.

1. Elastic (largest arteries; have elastin; aka conducting arteries)

2. muscular (distributing arteries)

3. arterioles (smallest arteries)

The aorta & its branches is an example of which type of artery?

elastic arteries

What are the smallest veins called?

venules

What are the smallest venules called?

postcapillary venules

Venules join to form ______________.

veins

Some veins, particularly in the limbs have _______________.

valves

Why do veins have skeletal muscle pumps?

muscle press the veins and push the blood toward heart

Is the tunica externa thicker in arteries or veins?

veins

Is the tunica media thicker in arteries or veins?

arteries

How do RBCs pass through capillaries?

single file

What is known as a network of capillaries running through tissues?

capillary bed

What are low permeability capillaries?

Blood-brain barrier

Highly selective, only vital substances pass through.

Not a barrier against O2, CO2 and some anesthetics.

What are sinusoids?

wide, leaky capillaries found in the spleen & liver

What are capillaries important for?

gas exhcange, absorption, & excretion of waste

Which of the following plasma proteins is used to provide osmotic pressure to draw water from surrounding tissues into the capillaries?

A. Fibrinogen

B. Albumin

C. Globulin

B. Albumin

Which of the following plasma proteins is an important clotting factor?

A. Fibrinogen

B. Albumin

C. Globulin

A. Fibrinogen

Which of the following plasma proteins is used to transport lipids, fat soluble vitamins, and in immunity?

A. Fibrinogen

B. Albumin

C. Globulin

C. Globulin

Pt is concerned with abdominal pain attacks, breathlessness, fatigue, and fever. They have a heart rate of 88 bpm and their skin is yellow. What is your diagnosis?

sickle cell disease