All Nutrition Stuff

COOKED AF

Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high cholestrol, obesity, etc are all modifiable risk factors of…

Stroke

Age, family history, genetics are non-modifiable risk factors of

Stroke

1 pound of fat is equal to how many kcal?

3,500 kcal

If you are trying to lose 2 pounds of fat over a week, what would your calorie deficit need to be per a day?

1,000 kcal

Proteins should make up how much percentage of your daily percentage?

10 to 35%

Glycogen

Storage form of carbohydrate in liver and muscles

The process of converting glucose to glycogen can be described as…

Glycogenesis

The recommended intake of fiber daily should be between __ to __ grams.

25, 38

What is an insoluble fiber?

A fiber that cannot be dissolved in liquid

Kidney beans, split peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy bean, soybeans, apples, pears, bananas, grapes, oat bran, oranges, grapefruits, corn, barley, carrots, white potatoes are all examples of​

Insoluble fibers

A patient concerned about colon cancer consults Dr. Marill. What is the best advice that Dr. Marill could give to the patient regarding the relationship between fibers and colon cancer?

Fiber can contain substances that are protective of the colon. Additionally, eating fibers can decrease high fat intake and decrease intestinal transit time.

How many kcals does one gram of fat contain?

9

How many kcals does one gram of protein and carbohydrate contain?

4

What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?

K, A, D, E

What are the characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins?

• Greater risk of toxicity

• Excess stored in body

• Deficiencies are slower to develop

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

B and C

What are characteristics of water-soluble vitamins?

• Minimal storage by body

• Deficiencies develop quicker

• Usually low risk of toxicity

Warren Naulty eats a high-fat meal. Why does he feel full for so long?

Eating a high fat meal causes the release of gastric inhibitory peptides, which decreases peristalsis (makes food move slower/stomach empties slower) of the stomach

Food sources for Vitamin D include

butter, egg yolks, fatty fish, liver, and fortified milk (and sunlight)

Food sources for folate

Leafy greens, beans, lentils, peas, citrus fruits, and fortified/enriched grains or cereals

William Naulty was in the hospital and suffered iatrogenic malnutrition​. What would be the best explanation from Dr. Marill of iatrogenic malnutrition?

Malnutrition that was unintentionally caused from medical procedures.

Health benefits to vegetarianism

• Lower intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholestrol

• High amounts of fiber

• Reduced risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and certain cancers​

Spiritual and economic benefits of vegetarianism

• Non harmful to animals, animal rights

• Animal proteins involved high production cost and loss of natural resources

Downsides of vegetarianism

• Inadequate levels of vitamin D and B12

• Potential deficiencies of iron, zinc, and calcium

• Effects on social health

Food sources for Omega-3 Fatty acids are

Fatty fish, salmon, tuna, sardines, mackrel, nuts/seeds, and certain plantoils

What is the beneficial use of cholesterol in the body?

Formation of sex hormones, bile, and vitamin D

Billy wants to reduce his risk of blood clots. What macronutrient should Billy have?

Omega-3 fatty acids

High cholesterol can often lead to high risk of

Coronary vascular disease

Foods that can cause calcium oxalate kidney stones

Spinach, peanuts, rhubarb, beets, Swiss chard, chocolate, and sweet potatoes

What is the recommended amount of cups men should drink daily?

13

What is the recommended amount of cups women should drink daily?

9

William Naulty was placed in the hospital and has been labeled as “NPO”. As time progresses, he must only have mechanical soft foods. Examples of mechanical soft foods would be…

Foods with minimal chewing such as ground meats, canned foods, softly cooked vegetables, and cottage cheese

What levels of serum albumin would be considered low and indicate high nutritional risk?

3.5 g/dL or lower

Low levels of serum albumin can indicate

Kidney disease, heart failure, malnutrition, inflammation, and other illnesses

What role does steroids play on appetite?

Steroids typically include ghrelin, which makes you more hungry.

Sentret the bodybuilder plans on taking steroids. As a nurse, what advice should you give Sentret to help them avoid weight gain?

Steroids increase appetite, so you should limit food intake to avoid weight gain.

What is a calorie count in a hospital setting?

The calculation of a resident’s food and beverage intake for calories, protein, and other nutrients for 72 hours.

William Naulty is in the hospital and the doctor requests a calorie count. What should you do as the nurse?

List the percentage of food/drink that was actually consumed

Jack R. is a registered dietitian. What is the role of a registered dietitian?

Identify unusual dietary practices, nutritional inadequancies, or food intolerances through an in-depth diet history assessment

The normal blood glucose level is

70 to 100 mg/dL

Causes of high glucose levels

• Excess carbohydrate intake

• Diabetes

• Stress

• Lack of physical activity

Warren Naulty has an excess intake of carbohydrates. As a result, his blood glucose levels are considered

high

The glycemic index best describes

The level to which food raises blood glucose levels in comparison with reference food. The highest is 100.

Low in glycemic index (values)

Less than 55

Medium glycemic index (value)

56-69

High in glycemic index (values)

More than 70

Foods with low glycemic index values include

Healthy foods such as lentils, beans, apples, oatmeal, and whole grains

Foods with high glycemic index values include

Foods that can quickly raise blood sugar levels such as highly processed foods, refined cereals, glucose, and white bread

What do omega-3 fatty acids do for the body?

• Lower risk of heart disease

• Reduce blood clots

• 
  

How many kcals are in one gram of alcohol?

7

What are foods that are high in protein?

Meat, diary, legumes, nuts, and seeds (general protein)

What are foods that contain complete proteins?

Fish, meat, eggs, soybeans, cheese, milk, and yogurt

Proteins are considered…

The building blocks of body tissue

Biologically, proteins can be used to make

Hormones, enzymes, fibrinogens

• Can also facilitate immune response and be used for transportation

Structurally, proteins can be used to make

• Muscle, tissue, and bone

• Collagens: hair, nails, and skin

The Season 8 Lion has developed a fever and is bed-bound for 1 day. What happens to the lion’s proteins?

The proteins denature due to the increased body temperature. Protein requirements typically increase.

Togetic has been placed on an NPO diet. As a nurse, how would you describe an NPO diet to Togetic?

An NPO diet is a clear liquid diet that requires minimal digestion. The diet will gradually advance as tolerance builds.

Underweight BMI

Less than 18.5

Normal BMI

18.5-24.9

Overweight BMI

24.9-29.9

Obese BMI

30-39.9 BMI

Morbidly Obese BMI

40+

Jack R. states the the maximum heart rate (MHR) formula is 220 minus age. Is this true or false?

True

Calculate the MHR for 94-year-old man with a revolver

126

Maximum heart rate

The rate measured at the highest workload tolerated during exercise. Decreases with age.

What is the formula for BMI

Weight (kg) divided by height in meters (squared)

What is obesogenic environment?

An environment that limits the ability to stay active while surrounding them with inexpensive, high-energy foods

Which scenario best describes an obesogenic environment?

McDonald’s Land, where getting exercise is banned. McDonald’s is free for all!

High blood pressure, pancreatic disease, obesity, unhealthy food, and sedentary life style are all risk factors for

Type 2 Diabetes

What is metabolic syndrome?

A cluster of metabolic/cardiovascular risk factors occurring together

Three or more factors are required for metabolic syndrome. What are those factors?

• Excess abdominal fat (More 35 or 40 inches for women and men)

• Elevated blood pressure (Greater than 130/85 mmHg)

• Low HDL (Less than 40 and 50 mg/dL for men and women)

• Elevated triglycerides (More than 150 mg/dL)

Abdominal fat for 35 inches (women) and 40 inches (men) is at risk for metabolic syndrome

True

Blood pressure higher than 130/85 mmHg is at risk for metabolic syndrome

True

HDL less than 40mg/dL (men) and 50mg/dL (women) is at risk for metabolic syndrome

True

Sentret has elevated triglycerides. What the levels for elevated triglycerides?

More than 150mg/dL

High cholestrol, high LDL, low HDL, poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking are all risk factors of

atherosclerosis

Papa John, aged 70, was recently diagnosed with atherosclerosis. He eats moderately healthy (while occasionally eating higher cholesterol meals), is somewhat active (exercises 5-10 minutes daily), and has smoked a pack of cigarettes everyday for 40 years. What is the most likely causes of Papa John’s atherosclerosis?

His smoking habits

Warren had iron deficiency in 2014. What is the role of iron in the body?

• Makes hemoglobin (which helps with oxygen transport)

• Energy production

• Immune support

• Brain function

Heme iron food example

Pork, red meat, poultry, fish

Nonheme iron food examples

Beans, lentils, fortified grains, and leafy green

Muscle wasting, unintentional weight loss, weakness, poor wound healing, fatigue, and other signs and symptoms best describe

Malnutrition

William Naulty was admitted to the emergency room. Nurses report findings of muscle wasting, edema, fatigue, and a poor appetite. Upon further questioning, it is revealed that William has a sedentary lifestyle and does not smoke. What is William likely to have?

Malnutrition

Normal functioning of the nervous system depends on adequate level of which nutrients?

Vitamin B nutrients such as B12, B6, thiamine, and niancin

The most common kidney stone, accounting for roughly 60% of cases, are

Calcium oxalate kidney stones

Calcium oxalate kidney stones form when

When there are excess calcium and oxalate in the urine

What is warfarin?

An anticoagulant medication (prevents blood clotting)

William Naulty took Vitamin E pills and Warfarin at the same time. Why is this bad for William?

It increases the bleeding risk (Vitamin E and Warfarin both help with bleeding)

A patient presents to the clinic with beriberi, headache, and weakness. The following patient most likely has _____ deficiency.

thiamin (B1)

Victini presents to Dr. Marill’s Health Clinic. Victini shows symptoms of pernicious anemia and numbness and tingling. Dr. Marill states that numbness and tingling could be a sign of central nervous system damage. Victini likely has which of the following nutritional deficinies?

Vitamin B12

Warren has marasmus, a condition for extreme wasting. William has Kwashiorkor, a condition for belly and face swelling. These two conditions indicate ____ deficency.

Protein

Muscle weakness, confusion, lack of appetite, and irregular heart beat is a sign of which deficiency.

Potassium

Vitamin B12 is found in what food source

Animal sources

Pernicious anemia and central nervous system damage indicate ___ defiency.

B12

The main role of antioxidants are to…

Protect cells from oxidative and free-radical damage

What are the antioxidants?

• Vitamin C

• Vitamin E

• Beta carotines (vitamin A)

• Selenium

True or False: Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and meats are all rich in antioxidants.

True

William has taken antibiotics his whole life. Based on this information, he is likely to have a vitamin _ deficiency.

K

Vitamin K is often given to newborns as their bodies cannot clot effectively. What is Vitamin K used for?

Helps production of clotting factors

What is the lab value for HDL

Greater than 50mg/dL

What is the lab value for LDL?

Less than 100mg/dL