Biochem lab 1234

Basic laboratory operations and practices

Name of the title of the first activity

Laboratory measurements

Are fundamental for conducting experiments and obtaining reliable data

Accurate measurements

Allow chemist to understand the properties of substances and their interactions

Length

Are measured using a metric ruler, typically in cm

Volume

Commonly measured using graduated cylinders, beakers, pipettes with units mil

Bunsen burner

A laboratory device designed to produce a controlled flame by mixing flammable gas, naturally propane gas

Robert Bunsen in 1855

Inventor of Bunsen burners

1500 degrees Celsius (2700 degrees Fahrenheit)

Approximate flame temperature of Bunsen burner

Base

Provides stability and support

Barrel

The main vertical tube where gas and air mix. Typically 5-6 inches long

Collar

Located at the base, allows to adjustment of air intake, influencing the flame’s temperature and color

Air holes

Openings that permit air to enter the barrel, facilitating the combustion

Gas valve

Controls the flow of gas into the burner

Gas nozzle

Connects to the gas supply, allowing gas to enter the burner

Yellow flame

Low air supply

Reddish flame

Slightly more air

Purple flame

Intermediate air supply

Blue flame

High air supply

Middle beam

Hundreds of grams

Rear beam

Tens of grams

Front beam

Ones of grams

45°

The desired angle for heating test tubes

Solute (powder)

The one being dissolved

Solvent (water)

The one who dissolve

Homogeneous mixture

Has uniform composition; appearance cannot be seen

Heterogeneous mixture

Has non-uniform composition; can be visibly distinct

Decantation

Separation of substances using two containers using gravity do its work

Filtration

This process, the liquid is separated using filtration paper

Filtrate

The liquid passes through filtration

Residue

Are left in the filtration paper

Sublimation

The process where solid doesn't undergo into liquid state, it directly turns into gas state

Evaporation

A physical process where liquid turns into gas

Membrane transport

Refers to the various mechanisms by which substances move across cell membrane

Passive transport

Does not require atp; high to low concentration

Active transport

Requires ATP, low to high concentration or against the concentration

Diffusion

A process by which molecules move from higher to lower concentration

Osmosis

Is the movement of water molecules where lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Dialysis

Used to separated smaller molecules from the bigger ones

Inorganic compounds

May be classified as acids, bases, or salts

Acids

Yeilds hydrogen ion (H+)

Bases

Yeilds hydroxide ions (OH-)

Acidic

Phenolphthalein= colorless

Litmus= red

Methyl red= red

Basic

Phenolphthalein=pink

Litmus= blue

Methyl red= yellow

0-14

The pH scale values up to this numbers

Buffer

Is a solution that resists changes in pH using small amounts of acid and bases

Sulfuric acid and NaOH (dehydrating test)

Reagents used in procedure A

Carbohydrates

Are classified according to the complexity of the molecule

Monosaccharides

Simplest groups

Polysaccharides

Are complex groups or sugar

Disaccharides

Has higher sugar

Glucose

Also known as dextrose or grape sugar

D-galactose

Also called brain sugar

Glucosamines

A glucose derivative with protein from glycoproteins

Ribose and deoxyribose

Are constituents of nucleic acids and are also present in some enzymes

Polyhydroxy aldehyde

The structure of carbohydrates

Pentoses

Yeilds furfural

Hexoses

Yeilds hydroxymethylfurfural

Purple

Furfural gives what color?

Disaccharide sucrose

Is a non reducing sugar

Membrane transport and processes

Name of the activity 2

Acids, bases, salts and buffers

Name of activity 3

Carbohydrates (common reaction)

Name of activity 4

Monosaccharides and disaccharide

It ends with - ose generally used to name carbohydrates and the term sugar refers to those with sweet taste are mostly what?

Glucose (2)

Are constituents of blood and tissues

Levulinic acid

What does hydroxymethylfurfural turn to when degraded?

Turns into yellow to dark brown

What color is produced when reducing sugar is heated with strong alkali?

Caramel odor

What odor is produced when reducing sugar is heated with strong alkali?

Lobry de Bruyn-von Eckenstein transformation

What is the transformation called when ketoses like fructose give positive reaction in test for the reducing sugar