History - Paradigms midterm

Charles Babbage

Designed the Analytical Engine and is an early computer pioneer

Ada Lovelace

Wrote an algorithm for the Analytical Engine and is often called the first programmer

Alan Turing

Created the Turing machine idea and made foundational contributions to computability

Grace Hopper

Pioneered compilers and helped develop COBOL

John von Neumann

Associated with the von Neumann architecture and the fetch execute cycle

John Backus

Led the development of FORTRAN and created BNF with Peter Naur

Donald Knuth

Introduced attribute grammars and is a major algorithms pioneer

Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie

Associated with C and Unix

What is the first high level programming language in this course?

Plankalkul

What is the first widely used successful high level language?

FORTRAN

Plankalkul

Early high level language designed by Konrad Zuse

IBM 704

The computer for which FORTRAN was developed

FORTRAN

Scientific and numerical programming language and an early compiled high level language

LISP

An early functional language built around symbolic and list processing

Prolog

A logic programming language

C

A systems programming language strongly associated with Unix

C++

An object oriented extension of C

Java

Object oriented language designed for portability through the JVM

COBOL

Language designed for business data processing

Ada

Language designed for reliable real time and embedded systems

SNOBOL

Language designed for text and string processing

What language was designed for text and string processing?

SNOBOL

Pascal

Language created to teach structured programming

Smalltalk

Influential early object oriented language

Scheme

A minimalist dialect of Lisp

Racket

A descendant of Scheme used heavily for teaching and language research

Racket belongs to what language family?

The Lisp family through Scheme

Haskell

A purely functional language with lazy evaluation

Perl

A scripting language known for practical text processing

Python

A high level scripting language emphasizing readability

Ruby

A dynamic object oriented scripting language

Pseudocode

An informal human readable way to describe an algorithm that is not directly executed

What is the key difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

A compiler translates a whole program before execution while an interpreter executes it step by step

What does hybrid implementation mean?

A language uses both compilation and interpretation such as bytecode plus a virtual machine

Von Neumann architecture

The common imperative machine model based on memory and a fetch execute cycle

Imperative languages

Languages built around changing program state and commands

Functional languages

Languages built around evaluating functions and avoiding mutable state when possible

Logic languages

Languages where you state facts and rules then ask queries

Object oriented languages

Languages organized around objects that combine data and behavior