Practical Research 2 Mid Terms

Research

is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge

• repeat

• seek

Research

“Re'“

“Cerchier”

Systematic

Works with a method

Objective

unbiased; all angles presented

Qualitative Research

Primarily focuses on non-numerical data, which means that research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry or investigation about people’s feelings, thoughts, beliefs, views, and lifestyle.

Quantitative Research

Is “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods”

hypothesis

educated guess: rejected or accepted

• 5%

Margin of error is what number

convergent

isa lang recommendation or solution

divergent

iba-iba. Multiple solution

• According to time

• According to purpose

Descriptive Non-Experimental

• Longitudinal

• Cross-sectional

According to time

• Survey

• Correlational

According to purpose

• True experimental

• Quasi Experimental

Experimental

Research Design

A comprehensive plan for collecting and analyzing data in a research study. It provides a framework that outlines the overall strategy, methods, and procedures to address a specific research question

True Experimental

• Variable Manipulation → Aims to determine causal relationships among variables

• Random selection of participants → Relies on statistical analysis to approve or disprove a hypothesis

• considered as the most accurate type of experimental research

• Conducted in a controlled setting → Maybe conducted with or without a pre-test

• Intervention is present → Involves a control group and a test/ experimental

Types of True Experimental

• One Group Post Test Only

• Two Group Post Test Only

• Pre-Test and Post Test Design

One Group Post Test Only

• One group → Intervention → Post Test

• * No Pre-test

Two Group Post Test Only

• Control group → No Intervention → Post Test

• Experiment group → Intervention → Post Test

Pre-Test and Post Test Design

• Control Group → Pre-Test → w/out Intervention → Post Test

• Experimental Group → Pretest → w/ Intervention → Post Test

Quasi - Experimental

• Variable manipulation → Aims to determine causal relationships among variables

• Conducted in a controlled setting → Participants are not randomly assigned

• Pre-test is required

• Intervention is present

Survey Research

• Done to gather evidence on people’s knowledge, opinion, attitudes, and values on various issues and concern

• Variables are NOT controlled / manipulate

• NO intervention is applied

• Make use of questionnaire, interviews, and surveys

Correlational Research

• Degree of relationship between variables using statistical data

• Variables are NOT controlled / manipulated

• NO intervention is applied

• Does NOT aim to determine cause and effect relationship

• 0 to 1 only determined by SPSS

• Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

SPSS stands for

Cross-Sectional

• Involves gathering data at a single point in time

• Focuses on the same set of variable

• 
  

Comparisons are made across variables of interest

Longitudinal

• Data is collected at multiple points in time

• Done for the purpose of comparing data sets

• Collects data from present and again in the future

Variable

• Anything that has a quantity or quality that varies

• Can affect or change the results

• Can be manipulated, controlled, or measured in research

• Helps researchers understand patterns, relationships, and causes and effects

Independent Variable

• cause changes

• often manipulated

Dependent Variable

• changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation

• outcome you’re interested in measuring

Continuous Variables

• Infinite number

• divided into fractions or decimal

Discrete Variables

• Categorical / classifacatory

• limited number of distinct values

• cannot be divided into fraction or decimal

• Nominal Variable

• Ordinal Variables

Discrete Variables:

Nominal Variable

• Can not be arranged in order

• A matter of distinguishing by name

Ordinal Variables

• Arranged in order or rank

• Highest to lowest or from smallest to largest.

• Interval Variables

• Ratio Variables

Continuous Variables:

Interval Variables

Measures the difference in measurement of two values and provides interpretation based on the difference

No True Zero

If it exceeds to 0, it’s called __________

Ratio Variables

Takes values and measurements which has an absolute zero value (no value).

Nominal

Identity

Ordinal

Identify, Rank

Interval

Identify, Rank, Difference

Ratio

Identify, Rank, Difference, Absolute Zero Value