Bio Lab Practical Terms and knowledge

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What are EIGHT big traits of Prokaryotes?

• Single-celled organisms

• Lack membrane-bound organelles

• Most successful lifetime

• Bacteria + Archaea ( 2 out of 3 domains of life)

• The most abundant life form on Earth

• The most basal extant life (3.5 billion years old)

• One tiny cell

  • single cell

  • lacks membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria & chloroplasts

  • lack nuclei

What are Eukaryota?

• All plants, animals, and fungi

• We are more closely related

What are the differences between bacteria and archaea?

• Their cell membrane & walls are made up of different materials

• They use different mechanisms to synthesisize DNA (different enzymes)

• There are NO pathogenic arechae aht we know of

• Prokayotic cells lack complex compartmentalization

• some prokaryotes ahve specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions

  • usually unfoldings of the cell membrane

What are Bacteria?

• They are prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

• Some are pathogenic (cause diseases) MOST don’t

• Every major mode of nutrition and metabolism is represented among bacteria

What are Archaea?

• They are prokaryotes: no nuclei, no membrane-bound organelles

• Many are extremophiles

• None are pathogenic (None cause disease, as far as we know)

• More closely related to Eukaryotes than Bacteria

• Methanogens

What are extremophiles?

• Extreme halophiles: tolerate high-salinity environments

• Extreme thermophiles: tolerate high temperatures because proteins stay stable in boiling water

What are methanogens?

• Obligate anaerobes produce methane through their metabolism

• Found in diverse environments

  • Under 1 km of ice

  • swamps/marshes

  • Guts of cattle, termites, and other herbivores.

What are Eukaryotes?

• An organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

• Larger and more complex than prokaryotes

What are Plantae?

• They are Eukaryotes

• Their cells have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

• Origin as algae, adapted for life on land

  • Became embryophytes, a clade for all plants.

• Have a multicellular embryo that is nourished by and retained in the maternal tissue

  • Important for adaptation to land, as the embryo is protected from dying out

What are Bryophytes?

• Part of Plantae

• Are seedless, avascular plants

• Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

• Lack stems, roots, and leaves

  • Instead, have rhizoids (root-like filaments)

• Reproduce by spores

• Do NOT have vascular tissue (no xylem and phloem)

  • Cannot transport water & nutrients via diffusion and osmosis

  • Limits them to small sizes and living in moist environments

What are seedless vascular plants?

• Includes ferns and horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns

• Have roots and leaves

• Reproduce by spores (do not reproduce by seeds)

  • Single-celled reproductive structure

  • often microscopic

  • Can grow into a new plant w/o fusing with another spore

  • Protective layer that makes them highly resilient to environmental conditions

• Have vascular tissue

• Abundant & diverse in late Devonian & early Carboniferous

• Now are most current coal resources

What are Gymnosperms?

• Include conifers (600 species) , ginkgoes (one species), cycads (350 species)

• Evolved seeds

  • Complex, multicellular structure containing an embryo & a food supply

  • Result of sexual reproduction and fusing of gametes

  • Protective coat allowing for long-term dormancy, protection from dehydration and other environmental challenges

• Has seeds that are NOT protected by an ovary or a fruit

  • Seeds grow on scales or leaves, which can be modified to become cones

• Evolved pollen, mostly pollinated by wind and rain

• Seeded, non-flowering, vascular plants

What are Angiosperms?

• Include all flowering plants

• Evolved flowers

  • An adaptation for sexual reproduction

  • Males reproduce with pollen

  • Females reproduce with compel

• Evolved Fruits

  • They are fleshy layers that protect seeds

  • The ovary of the flower matures into fruit

  • Mechanisms for increased seed dispersal.

• Seeded, flowering, vascular plants

• The most dominant type of plant on Earth today

• Everything we eat…

What are fungi?

• They are Eukaryotes: cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

• More closely related to animals than to plants

• Are heterotrophs (they get nutrients from other organisms)

  • Parasites and pathogens

  • Decomposers

  • Mutualists

  • Food

• Cell walls contain chitin, which is helpful for reinforcing their cells

• Have hyphae, root-like structures that spread underground and help acquire food

• They are HIGHLY diverse

  • unicellular

  • multicellular

  • parasites

  • saprophytes

  • mutualists

What are ALL animals in?

They are in Metazoa/Animalia

What are Invertebrates?

Animals that do not have a vertebral column or a cranium

They are by far the most abundant animals

• Only need to know major phyla

What are the 8 Major Phyla of invertebrates?

• Porifera (sponges)

• Cnidaria (jellyfish and corals)

• Platyhelminthes (flateworms)

• Nematoda (roundworms)

• Annelida (segmented worms)

• Mollusca (snails, clams, squid)

• Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans)

• Echinodermata (star fishes, sea urchins)

What are the 3 major invertebrate clades?

• Deuterostomes: develop an anus first

• Lophophores: crowns of cilia for feeding, or larvae that use cilia to spin like a top

• Ecdysozoa: molt the external protectic cuticle as they grow

What are the Porifera?

• Sponges

• sessile filter feeders

• tube-like body allowing water to flow through them

• no animal-like nervous system

• multi-cellular animals

• They can remodel their bodies….

What are the Cnidaria?

• Jellyfishes, corals, anemones

• Decentralized nervous system

• Cnidocytes - stinging cells

• Two main body forms

  • Polyp-like corals and anemones (sessile)

  • Medusa- like jellies

• Gelatinous body

What are the Platyhelminthes?

• Flatworms

• No circulatory system, digestive system, etc.

• Being so flat allows them to absorb most everything they need across their skin

• Some are parasites

• Lophophore (cilia) to fan food in and out of “mouths”

• No organs

• Surface area to body ratio increases amount of the organisms that is in contact with its surroundings

What are Nematoda?

• Roundworms

• Tubular digestive system

• Perhaps the most abundant animal on Earth (80% of all animals on Earth)

• Some are imporant parasites

• Most are free-living

What are Annelida?

• Segmented worms

• Many different body plans

• External cilia or hairs for locomotion

• Dividing the body into segments allows for customizing the body plan

What are Mollusca?

• Clams, mussels, snails, nudibraches, octopus, squid

• Most are Calcifiers- make shells

• Many have a radula- a tongue-like appendage with blades for feeding

• Muscular foot for movement/ anchoring and a mantle for producing a protective shell

• The most intelligent invertebrate is the octopus.

What are Arthropoda?

• Insects, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans

• Have segmented bodies

  • Can be devoted to different specialized tasks, like flight, grasping

• Have jointed legs

  • Great for walking, flying, swimming

• Have exoskeletons made of chitin

  • Protects from predation and from drying out

  • allows powerful muscle movements

  • forces them to molt

What are Echhinodermata?

• Most closely related to vertebrates

• spiny skinned

• have a unique water vascular system for movement, waste excretion, respiration, and feeding

• starfish, urchins, sea pens, etc.

What are vertebrates?

They are animals that have a vertebral column or cranium

• the first vertebrates were jawless fishes

What is Chordata?

A phylum that contains all animals with a spine (or notochord)

What are the SEVEN major classes of Chordata?

• Agnatha (jawless fishes)

• Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

• Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

• Amphibia (amphibians)

• Reptilia (reptiles)

• Aves (birds)

• Mammalia (mammals)

What are Agnatha?

• Jawless fishes

• Lampreys and hagfishes

• No movable jaws

• Have a notochord instead of vertebrae

  • why phylum is chordata instead of verebrata (a subphylum)

  • notochord is cartilaginous, rod-like structure that runs the length of the body and hleps with signaling and development

What are Chondrichthyes?

• Cartilaginous fishes

• Sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimeras

• Have moveable jaws

• Skeleton is made mostly of cartilage

• Have a notochord during development that is slowly replaced by vertebrae

What are Osteichtyes?

• Bony fishes

• Basically all fishes

• Includes Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes and Sacropterygii, lobe-finned fishes

  • sarcopterygii is the ancestral group of all terrestrial vertebrates

What are Amphibia?

• Amphibians

• Include frogs, toads, salamanders, and sirens

• Ectothermic, terrestrial, four-limbed, do not produce an amniotic egg

  • Must lay eggs in water or other environments that protect them from dehydration

What are Reptilia?

• Reptiles

• Includes turtle, crocodilians, lizards, and tuataras

• Ectothermic, terrestrial, four-limbed, amniote

• Paraphyletic; includes birds

What are Aves?

• Birds
  Endothermic, four-limbed, amniote

  • Also have feathers, toothless beaked jaws, four-chambered heart, and lightweight skeleton

  • Arose from theropod dinosaurs

• Evolved enough from Reptilia that this group is given its own clade

What are Mammalia?

• Endothermic, four-limbed, amniote, has a mammary gland

  • Also produces fur/hair and has 3 middle ear bones

• Includes monotremes (egg-laying mammals), marsupials (pouched mammals), and eutherians (placental mammals)