UGA History Exemption Exam -- US History from 1877

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896; Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal -- "Separate but equal"

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882; banned Chinese laborers from immigrating to the US for 10 years

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Haymarket Riot

1886; labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence, bombing -- effort to advocate for an 8-hour workday

Pullman Strike

1894; rail and factory workers protested layoffs, wage cuts and poor conditions at Pullman Palace Car Company

When did labor unions start to form?

Late 1800s-1900s

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs

Signed by FDR

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Signed by FDR

19th Amendment

1920; gave women the right to vote

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S., intercepted by British intelligence

When was WWI?

1914-1918

Who fought in WWI?

USA, France, Russia vs. Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

Treaty of Versailles

1919; ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame

Trust-busting

Part of the Progressive Era, government broke up monopolies to restore competition

When did prohibition begin?

1920

What was prohibition?

banning of alcohol

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Consumerism (Boom Industries)

mass production (Ford assembly line), new tech (radios, cars) and advertising (celeb endorsements)

Harlem Renissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished., a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American

21st Amendment

1933; Repeal of Prohibition

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Plaines very dry; destroyed ecology and agriculture

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s resulting in bank failures and unemployment

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created in 1933 by FDR as a part of the New Deal

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1933; provided jobs for men working in land development

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

1935; provided jobs building bridges, roads, schools and parks, part of FDR's "New Deal"

Social Security Act

1935; created pensions for elderly, unemployment and aid programs; part of FDR's "New Deal"

Pearl Harbor

1941; surprise attack by Japan on US naval base in Hawaii, kickstart to WWII

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Battle of Midway

1942; decisive US naval victory over Japan

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II and Korean War

Factories shifted their production to what once WWII began?

ships, tanks, planes and weapons

Who worked the men's jobs when they went overseas for WWII?

Women (Rosie the Riveter)

Containment Policy

1947; George Kennan and the US effort to stop the spread of communism and the Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

NATO

1949; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance to counter Soviet Union

Korean War

1950-1953; Communist North Korea (China and Soveits) vs. South Korea (US and UN)

COLD WAR

What was the Cold War?

the state of tension without actual fighting between the US and the Soviet Union

Vietnam War

1955-1975, fought to contain communism in Southeast Asia

COLD WAR

What is communism?

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Domino theory

If one country falls to communism, so will its neighbors

Brown vs. BOE

1954; Supreme Court decision that ended segregation in public schools

Rosa Parks

1955; United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement, nonviolent protest advocate

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; Lyndon B Johnson

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Fair Housing Act of 1968

banned discrimination in the rental or sale of housing

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

When did Nixon resign?

1974

Late 1970s - present

Shift from manufacturing to service economy, outsourcing jobs overseas

When did the Cold War end?

1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism.

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

Invasion of Afghanistan

October 2001, the United States began bombing Taliban centers in Afghanistan in response to 9/11

When did the US invade Iraq?

2003

Great Recession

severe economic downturn that lasted from late 2007 through mid-2009

When was Bin Laden killed?

2011, in Pakistan

COVID-19 pandemic

Global health crisis beginning in late 2019.

Ronald Reagan

40th president, 1981-1989

-Reaganomics that pushed for tax cuts, reduced government spending

-Conservative political shift

George H. W. Bush

41st president, 1989-1993

-Persian Gulf War

Persian Gulf War

War in 1991 when the US came to Kuwait's rescue after Iraq invaded in 1990

Bill Clinton

42nd president, 1993-2001

-NAFTA

-Advocate for economic and healthcare reform

-Impeached over Monica Lewinsky affair

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

George W. Bush

43rd president, 2001-2009

-led US after 9/11

-War on Terror, invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan

Barack Obama

44th president, 2009-2017

-First African American president

Donald Trump

45th, 47th President

Joe Biden

46th President

share cropping

african americans and poor whites would work on a land owned by another in return for small pay or some crops

Laisse-faire Economics

This term refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

FDR's "New Deal"

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Cuban Missle Crisis (Oct. 1962)

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

John F Kennedy

35th president, 1961-1963

-Promoted the "New Frontier" focused on space exploration, education and civil rights

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Moral majority

1979; promote Conservative Christian values in US politics at the hands of Rev. Jerry Falwell

Operation Desert Storm

1991 American-led attack on Iraqi forces after Iraq refused to withdraw its troops from Kuwait

Who held 58 hostages in their capital's American Embassy in 1979-80?

Iran

Kent State Massacre, 1970

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce