POL113 Exam 2

What did the Fifteenth Amendment do?

Gave African American men the right to vote.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

Upheld segregation under “separate but equal.”

What are civil rights?

Protections against discrimination by the government.

What was the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

Declared school segregation unconstitutional.

What did the Twenty-Fourth Amendment do?

Eliminated poll taxes in federal elections.

What was a major outcome of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

Eliminated literacy tests and increased federal oversight of elections.

What must a law do to pass strict scrutiny?

Serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored.

What is true about undocumented persons in the U.S.?

They lack full political rights but have some legal protections.

What was the goal of the Seneca Falls Convention?

To promote women’s rights, especially suffrage.

What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

It was not ratified by enough states.

What is an opinion leader?

Someone who influences others’ political views.

What is true about political socialization?

It is a lifelong process.

What most effectively transfers political values?

Family.

What becomes important in adult political socialization?

Peers, media, and workplace.

Which statement about gender and political beliefs is incorrect?

That women are more conservative than men.

What are American women more likely to support?

Social welfare programs.

How do highly religious white voters typically vote?

More conservative.

What should a good sample in polling be?

Representative of the population.

What does randomness in polling mean?

Everyone has an equal chance of being selected.

How many people are typically surveyed in national polls?

About 1,000–1,500 respondents.

What is a lobbyist?

Someone who influences government officials for a group.

What are material incentives?

Benefits like discounts or services for joining a group.

What are the most common types of interest groups?

Economic/business groups.

Where has union growth been greatest since 1960?

Public-sector jobs.

What are public interest groups?

Groups that promote the common good.

What are NARAL and the NRA examples of?

Single-issue groups.

What is true about interest groups?

They are protected by the First Amendment.

What is the best indicator of an interest group’s power?

Its ability to influence policy.

What is the difference between interest groups and political parties?

Groups influence policy; parties seek to win elections.

How is a lobbyist defined under 1995 reforms?

Someone who spends 20%+ of their time lobbying.

What does the national party organization do?

Plans campaigns, conventions, fundraising, and messaging.

What is the lowest level of party organization?

The precinct level.

What is patronage?

Giving government jobs to political supporters.