(intro to anatomy) lect test #1

Vocabulary flashcards based on the introductory Anatomy and Physiology review topics provided in the study guide.

Anatomy

study of structure of body parts and their relationships with each other

Physiology

Study of the function of the body

Principle of Complementarity

The concept stating that function always reflects structure, meaning what a structure can do depends directly on its specific form.

Order of structural organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organism

Chemical

Atoms and molecules

Cellular

Cells

Tissue

A group of similar cells and their surrounding intercellular material that work together to perform a specialized function.

Organ

A discrete structure composed of two or more primary tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.

Organism

All the organ systems working together

Integumentary

Protects deeper tissues from injury

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs

Muscular system

Locomotion (movement)

Nervous system

Fast acting control system

Endocrine system

Secretes hormones

Cardiovascular system

Transports blood

Lymphatic system

Picks up leaked fluid

Immunity system

Attack against foreign substances

Respiratory system

Supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

Takes in food and Breaks it down to absorbable units

Urinary system

Removes nitrogenous waste; regulates water, electrolytes and pH in blood

Male and female reproductive system

Production of offspring

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment.

Elements of homeostatic feedback

1. Stimulus

• something that changes the variable (eg. heat)

1. Receptor

• monitors for changer with the variable (skin temp)

1. Control system

• determines set point for the variables maintenance

• Receives input from receptor

• Determines appropriate response to the change in the variable

1. Effector

• receives output from control center

• Provided the means to respond

1. Response

• either reduces and enhances the stimulus

Difference between: negative and positive feedback

• negative, shuts off stimulus

• Positive, enhances stimulus

Explain eg, of homeostatic control for

1. Increase in body temperature

2. Decrease in body temperature

3. Platelet aggression

   
   

1. Increase of heat in the environment is the stimulus. This changes the body temperature (variable) by increasing the temperature. The receptors sense this and once the body temp is increasingly higher than normal the control system decides to send out a response through the efferent pathway the effector. The effector. The spouse being sweat released on to the skin. This vaporizes and in turn cools the skin. (Eg. of negetive feedback)

2. Decrease in temperature, caused by stimulus, lack of warmth. Body temp drops and is picked up to by receptors and sent to the control system. Sends out response to increase body temp. Response is shivering. This helps increase temperature. (Eg. Negetive feedback back…..body is changing in the opposite direction)

3. the blood vessel tears. This is the stimulus and change in variable. The cut is picked up by receptors and cause platelet to the cut site, the adhering sends signal to control system about a change in the variable. Chemicals are then released by the platelets and (effector) and cause for the cut to be completely plugged back up and to be fully formed

Anatomical Position

• body is standing erect

• feet flat and parallel

• arms at the sides, and palms facing foward and thumb outward

Define:

• superior

• Inferior

• Anterior

• Posterior

• medial

• Lateral

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

Name the cavaties

1. Cranial cavity

2. Vertebral cavity

3. Thoracic cavity

4. Abdominal cavity

5. Pelvic cavity

6. Pleural cavity

7. Pericardial cavity

8. Superior mediastinum

9. Abdominopelvic cavity

   
   

Name major organs within cavity

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

3. Heart and lungs and diaphragm

4. Digestive viscera

5. Urinary Bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

Define and describe the serous membrane/ serosa

• the serosa membrane line the different body cavities within the human body

• They are composed of a double lined membrane. The inner being known as visceral lining and the outer layer being known as the parietal lining. Between these two linings contains slippery serous fluid secreted by both membrane walls. This fluid helps reduce friction between other organs and cavities.

• The three Eg. Of serous membranes and the

-heart: pericardium

- lungs: pluerae

-abdominal cavity: peritoneum