Lecture 2: Community Assessment & Public Health Data

community

a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging

1. people

2. place

3. social system

what are the 3 dimensions of community?

1. assessment

2. diagnosis

3. planning

4. implementation

5. evaluation

what are the steps of the nursing care management process in the community?

data collection/gathering information

what happens during the "assessment" step of the nursing care management process in the community?

identifying strengths & problems in the community

what happens during the "diagnosis" step of the nursing care management process in the community?

planning community interventions/program development

what happens during the "planning" step of the nursing care management process in the community?

put interventions into action in the community

what happens during the "implementation" step of the nursing care management process in the community?

evaluate how interventions affected the community (ex: were they successful?)

what happens during the "evaluation" step of the nursing care management process in the community?

community health assessment

a strategic plan that describes the health of a community by collecting, analyzing, and using data to educate and mobilize communities; develop priorities; obtain resources; and plan actions to improve health

nursing diagnoses

community health assessment guides what?

program planning and development

community health assessment becomes the basis for what?

client = community as a whole

who is the client in a community assessment?

identify areas for improving health of communities/populations

what is the purpose of a community assessment?

1. comprehensive

2. population-focused

3. setting-specific

4. problem- or health-issue-based

5. health impact

6. rapid needs

what are the 6 types of community assessment?

comprehensive assessment

type of community assessment that is really thorough and considers all aspects of living in a community

-community assets

-unmet needs

-opportunities for improvement

what does a comprehensive community assessment usually examine?

required by all non-profits to do on an annual basis

what is true of comprehensive community assessments and non-profit organizations?

population-focused assessment

type of community assessment that considers a large group or aggregate that share some common characteristic; members may or may not interact with one another; may focus on a particular health issue

-pregnant women in a community

-immigrants living within a community

what are some possible examples of the focus of a population-focused community assessment?

identify health indicators of interest

**indicators = insight into health of population

what is the first step in conducting a population-focused community assessment?

setting specific assessment

type of community assessment that is used to gain an understanding of a particular organization or setting and the population that they serve; requires a clear understanding of the purpose of the assessment to proceed in an organized manner

client = setting

what is the client in a setting-specific community assessment?

comprehensive & population assessment

a setting-specific assessment includes components of what two other community assessments?

policies & procedures within the setting

in a setting-specific assessment, what should the public health nurse make sure to consider?

problem- or health-issue-based assessment

type of community assessment that focus on a specific problem or health issue; help reach vulnerable populations and identify health needs

obese people in the community

what is an example of a problem- or health-issue-based assessment?

health impact assessment

type of community assessment that is means of assessing the effects on health of policies, plans, and projects in diverse economic sectors; used to evaluate the effects of policies and projects on health

advice on how to optimize community health

what does a health impact assessment provide to the community?

-how repairing the national pipeline affects US citizens

-zoning laws

what is an example(s) of a health impact assessment?

rapid needs assessment

type of community assessment that helps establish the extent and possible evolution of an emergency by measuring the present and potential public health impact of an emergency

1. understand immediate needs

2. determine possible course of action

3. identify resource requirements

what are the 3 goals of a rapid needs assessment?

immediately after a disaster or event

when is a rapid needs assessment conducted?

-people who survived a hurricane

-refugees fleeing a war-torn country

what are some examples of rapid needs assessments?

-CHANGE model

-MAPP model

-community-as-partner model

what are some examples of models/frameworks that are often utilized in community assessment and public health nursing?

CHANGE model

model/framework whose purpose is to enable local stakeholders and community team members to survey and identify community strengths and areas for improvement regarding current policy, systems, and environmental change strategies

CHANGE model = 8 steps

how many steps are in the CHANGE model?

enact an action plan for change (evaluation)

what is the end goal of the CHANGE model?

MAPP strategic model

model/framework whose purpose is to have communities achieve improved health and quality of life by mobilizing partnerships and taking strategic action

MAPP = 6 phases

how many phases are in the MAPP model?

engagement of partners

regardless of MAPP or CHANGE model, what is the most important first step of both?

community-as-partner model

model/framework that is conducted in partnership with the community and was developed by nurses; composed of 8 subsystems

quantitative data

type of data that is represented by measurements or counting; numerical data

qualitative data

type of data that describes meaning and experiences which is expresses in words; describes quality of life, opinions/values of individuals

-census figures

-local agencies

-community surveys

what are some examples of sources of quantitative data?

-key informant interviews

-resident interviews

-community surveys

what are some examples of sources of qualitative data?

primary data

includes any data collected directly by the assessment team

secondary data

the examination of data already collected for another purpose, such as census data

-census data

-crime report data

-national health survey data

-health stats from local health dept

what are some examples of secondary data?

windshield survey

an example of primary data collection that can help the team get an initial understanding of the community; a drive-through or walkthrough the community to observe the community

focus group

an interview with a group of people with similar experiences or backgrounds who meet to discuss a topic of interest.

key informant

a person who is often represented as a gatekeeper, one who comes closest to representing the whole community; can provide a wealth of information about the opinions, assumptions, and perceptions of others about the health of a community

-use existing data when possible

-gather new data as needed

what is involved in data collection during a community assessment?

1. magnitude of problem

2. seriousness of consequences

3. feasibility of correcting

**other criteria determined by comm. assessment team

prioritization of health issues is based on what criteria?