chapter 5-10 quizzes RS behavioral research and stats

A researcher wants to study change in student attitudes towards body piercing across their 4 years of high school. Which quasi experimental design should she use?

longitudinal study

both correlational designs and quasi experiments are often higher in ____ than lab experiments

external validity

Conway and Rubin (1991) measured responses to 27 statements about reasons for watching television and identified six different groups of statements that were strongly intercorrelated. Which statistical procedure did they use?

factor analysis

correlational studies can be used to

1. measure the relationship between two variables

2. make predictions

3. estimate the amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another variable

4. all of these

4. all of these

If the time spent watching television and scores on a vocabulary test were correlated, we could plug in a participant’s viewing time and use ____ to predict vocabulary test performance.

linear regression analysis

In a pretest/posttest design, participants may improve with repeated testing due to increased familiarity with a test. This problem is called _____.

practice effects

Researchers select values of ____ variables in ex post facto studies.

subject

The ____ problem prevents us from drawing causal conclusions because two correlated variables affect each other

bidirectional causation

Which is a critical difference between quasi experimental and experimental designs?

experimental designs randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions

Which of the following does not describe a correlational study?

1. it uses data from the laboratory and/or the field

2. it allows researchers to measure the relationship between two variables

3. it allows researchers to infer causation

4. it allows researchers to make predictions

it allows researchers to infer causation

A review of prior studies in an area may provide _____________.

1. help in identifying important issues

2. information on previous methodological problems

3. new research ideas

4. all of these

all of these

An experimental hypothesis is a statement of a potential relationship between _____________.

 

 

specific antecedent conditions and a dependent variable

Kirk hypothesizes that his dog dreams in color. This is not an experimental hypothesis because it _____________.

cannot be tested

Psychology experiments are designed to test statements called _____________.

hypotheses

Reasoning from specific cases to general principles is _____________

induction

The primary resource currently used by psychologists to find journal articles is _____________.

PsycINFO

Which is a source of experimental hypotheses?

1. deductive reasoning

2. intuition

3. nonexperimental studies

4. all of these

all of these

Which nonexperimental design is likely to incorporate a hypothesis about a predicted relationship between variables?

correlational studies

Which of the following hypotheses is the least parsimonious?

Walking across town at night is dangerous if you are alone and unarmed

Which statement is falsifiable?

1. If dogs display muscle twitches and vocalizations during sleep, then they must be dreaming

2. If you look at an appealing photograph, then your pupils will dilate

3. If you read your Experimental Psychology book carefully enough, then you will be able to design a good experiment

4. The weight of dieters will fluctuate

if you looks at an appealing photograph, then your pupils will dilate

When an experimenter fails to randomly assign participants to different experimental conditions, a ____ threat is present since treatment groups may differ on subject variables.

selection

An experiment is internally valid if _______.

differences in the dependent variable are caused by changes in the independent variable

An experimenter provided two groups of rats different quantities of food for successfully completing the same maze. She controlled the kind of food and the amount of time the rats had access to the food. She reported that both groups of rats committed the same number of errors in learning the maze. The number of errors was ______.

the dependent variable

Gabriel observes that web pages use a range of font sizes and questions how this affects readability. He reproduces an actual 250-word news report in 10, 11, and 12-point fonts. Then, he randomly assigns participants to read the report in one of the font sizes and measures their reading comprehension. Font size is the ____ in Gabriel’s experiment.

independent variable

lvls of the independent variable refer to

 

the number of treatment conditions for an independent variable

Participant characteristics that an experimenter cannot manipulate are __________.

subject variables

Professor Smith’s class was stunned. She mistakenly included questions from chapter 5 on an exam that was supposed to cover chapters 1-4. In appealing their low grades, the students should diplomatically question the ____of this exam

content validity

Psychologists can evaluate ____ when they administer the MMPI-2 twice to the same participants two weeks apart

test-retest reliability

Unseen processes postulated to explain behavior are ______.

hypothetical construct

When an extraneous variable changes value across conditions along with the independent variable, the experiment ______

is confounded

Balancing is a control procedure that _______.

 

distributes the effect of physical variables equally across the treatment conditions

By randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions, many extraneous variables are automatically ____ across conditions.

balanced

Experimenters sometimes make errors in recording data that tend to favor the experimental hypothesis. This is an example of _______.

experimenter bias

In a double-blind experiment, _______

neither the participants nor the experimenter know which treatment the participants are receiving

In ____, an experimenter controls physical variables by keeping all aspects of treatment conditions as nearly similar as possible.

constancy of conditions

Pat’s relationship with his girlfriend during the 3 weeks he ran participants resembled a very scary roller coaster ride. Their frequent fights and making up affected his performance in the lab. Some days he was angry and withdrawn while on others he was happy and outgoing. His inconsistent demeanor in both treatment conditions probably _______.

made it harder to detect the effect of the IV and made participant responses more variable

Tim prevented noise from distracting his participants by testing them in a soundproof room. This illustrates the control technique called ______.

elimination

When an extraneous variable systematically changes across treatments, _______

the extraneous variable has one value in the control condition and a different value in the experimental condition

When Heather ran all the participants in Condition 1 on Thursday and those in Condition 2 on Friday, she confounded her experiment with a ____ variable.

physical

Which of these are social variables?

demand characteristics and experimenter bias

A principal advantage of using more than two treatment conditions in an experiment is that this ________.

provides a more complete picture of how the independent variable affects behavior

A sample’s representativeness affects ________.

external validity

Ashton studied the effect of wearing single-strap and double-strap backpacks on shoulder muscle contraction. He tested the same subjects in both single-strap and double-strap conditions to control individual differences in trapezius muscle activity. This study employed a ____ design

within-subjects

Random selection of participants is to ____ as random assignment of participants to conditions is to ________.

external validity; internal validity

The design of an experiment is mainly determined by the _______

experimental hypothesis

We use a control group in an experiment to ________.

measure the dependent variable without the experimental manipulation

What does “between” participants mean in a between-participants experiment?

experimenters compare the performance of different groups on the dependent variable

When the independent variable creates larger group differences on the dependent variable than we would see if we randomly assigned participants to groups and only measured them, this demonstrates ________.

statistical significance

When there is a statistically significant difference between two treatment groups, we know that ________

the independent variable produced group differences on the dependent variable that are larger than we would expect due to chance

When we use random assignment in an experiment, we guarantee that ________.

 

every subject in our sample has an equal chance of being placed in any of the treatment conditions

A 2 X 2 between-subjects factorial experiment contains

4 treatment groups

A factorial design can have as many main effects as _____

factors

All of these could occur in a two-factor experiment except _____.

1. an interaction and one main effect

2. a higher-order interaction

3. an interaction

4. an interaction and two main effects

a higher-order interaction

Experimental designs that study two or more independent variables at the same time are called _____.

factorial designs

Higher-order interactions are only possible when an experiment contains _____.

more than 2 independent variables

In a factorial design, the change in behavior due to the action of a single independent variable is called a(n) _____.

main effect

Shawn’s study manipulated music (radio or no radio) and list length (short or long), and measured word recognition. Music and list length were _____

factors

The advantage of using more than one independent variable in the same experiment is that _____.

we can study the interaction between the variables

Which illustrates the factor and levels method?

2 (Type of Name: given, nickname) X 2 (Length of Name: short, long) between-subjects factorial design

Which of the following describes between-subjects factorial designs?

1. there can be as many main effects as factors

2. they can produce interactions which are difficult to conceptualize and explain

3. all of these

4. as the number of factors increases, the number of required subjects

all of these