SOCI 101 - Exam 2

Deviance

a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society; involves the violation of group norms, which may or may not be formalized into law

White-Collar Crime

offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution

Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide

theorized that the extent to which you are integrated into your community (social integration) and the number of rules guiding your daily life/the consistency of your daily life (social regulation) determines patterns of suicide

Egoistic Suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Altruistic Suicide

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

Anomic Suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

Fatalistic Suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

Innovator

an individual who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them (strain theory)

Retreatist

an individual who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society

Equality of Condition: Affirmative Action

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point; this can be achieved through prioritizing groups of marginalized people in job hiring or school admissions in order to combat implicit bias that puts these groups at a disadvantage

Examples of Total Institutions

prisons/jails, psychiatric hospitals, military camps, boarding schools

Gender Stereotypes

a generalized view or preconceived views about attributes or the roles to be performed by women and men

Vertical Social Mobility

the rise or fall of an individual or group from one social stratum to another

Horizontal Social Mobility

an individual or group transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder

Glass Ceiling

an invisible limit on women’s climb up the occupational ladder

Glass Escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

Patriarchy

a social system in which men, as a group, hold more power in major institutions and social arrangements; the idea that men are valued above women

Sex

the perceived biological differences that society typically uses to distinguish males from females

Gender

a social position; behaviors and a set of attributes that are associated with sex identities

Femininity

a set of attributes, behaviors, social roles, and psychological traits traditionally associated with women and girls

Masculinity

the set of qualities, traits, behaviors, and roles that a society traditionally considers typical of or appropriate for men and boys

World-Systems Theory

a macro-sociological and economic framework that views the entire global economy as a single, interconnected capitalist system rather than looking at individual countries in isolation; argues that a nation’s development is shaped by its position within the larger global power structure and helps explain the cast economic and political disparities we see across the world

Punitive Justice

focuses on making violators suffer and thus defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Rehabilitative Justice

examines the specific circumstances of individual transgressors and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate them

Examples of Deviant Behaviors

Farting a church, committing murder, picking your nose in public, wearing pajamas to an interview, talking loudly during a movie

Social Stratification

the ranking of individuals and groups into unequal social positions based on factors like income, education, occupation, etc.

Income

money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or government assistance), or from returns on investments

Wealth

a family’s or individual’s net worth (i.e., total assets minus total debts)

Core States

industrial and technologically advanced, highly skilled labor force, strong political and military power; dominates global markets, controls international trade, exploits less powerful countries for cheap labor and raw materials (ex. United States, Western European countries)

Periphery States

weak economy, political, and military forces; low-skilled workers, simple technology, exploited by core states for resources (ex. many African countries, some Asian countries)

Semi-Periphery States

core states that are in decline OR periphery states that are rising; has characteristics of both core and periphery states (ex. Brazil, India, South Africa)

Intersectionality

the idea that it is critical to understand the interplay between social identities such as race, class, gender, ability status, and sexual orientation, even though many social systems and institutions (such as the law) try to treat each category on its own

Social Mobility

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society