speech and hearing test 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and Spinal Cord

Gray and White Matter in Brain

Gray is the outer portion where white is the inner portion

Gray and White Matter in the spinal cord

White matter is on the outside, whereas gray matter is on the inside

What is gray matter composed of mostly

Cell bodies

What is white matter mostly composed of

Axons

Brainstem is made up of

Midbrain, pons, medulla

Cerebellum function

Coordinates voluntary muscle movements to maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium

Frontal lobe function

Involved in personality characteristics, decision making, and movement

Where is Broca’s area located?

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe function

Helps with person identify objects and understand spatial relationships; helps interpret pain and touch

Occipital lobe function

Vision

Temporal lobe function

Involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm, and smell recognition

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

Temporal lobe

True/False: All English sounds require airflow from the lungs

True

Boyle’s Law

Expansion of the chest and lungs creates negative pressure

Inhalation

Air flow in to equalize pressure

Contraction of the chest and lungs creates what type of pressure

Positive

Forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm

Inhalation process

1. Medulla Oblongata sends message to respiratory muscles

2. Diaphragm contracts

3. Thoracic cavity expands vertically

4. External intercostals contract

5. Thoracic cavity expands up and out

6. Lung volume increases because of pleural linkage

7. Air pressure within lungs decrease

8. air flow in through nose

Phonatory source is periodic or aperiodic

Periodic

Subglottal source is periodic or aperiodic

Aperiodic

Phonatory source

Air pressure forces the vocal folds to vibrate

Supraglottal source

Air pressure builds up behind vocal-tract closures and is released

Air is forced through narrow constrictions

Myo

Muscles adduct vocal folds, establish levels of tension and elasticity

Elasticity

Allows vocal folds to stretch and return in each cycle

Aerodynamic

Subglottal pressure from the lungs drives vibration

Physical (especially aerodynamic)

Forces set the vocal folds into motion in each cycle

Fundamental frequency

Number of the vocal folds cycle per second

Cover body model

Cover: mostly mucous membranes

Body: Mostly muscle

Function of larynx

Controls airflow in and out of the lungs

Provides sound source for speech

Abduction

Fold separated for voiceless sounds and breathing (rest position)

Adduction

Folds brought together for phonation (voiced sounds)

Periodic

Pattern repeats every cycle

Complex

Multiple frequencies

Nervous system is a network of specialized cells called

Neurons

Nervous system is made up of

Brain and Spinal Cord

_____ Nerves exit CNS from Brainstem

Cranial

______ Nerves exit CNS from spinal cord

Spinal

Nerve impulses from CNS to peripheral parts of the body (motor functions)

Efferent

Nerve impulses from peripheral parts of the body to CNS (sensory functions)

Afferent

Carries information away from the cell body (efferent)

Axon

Receives information from incoming axons

Dendrites

Upper brainstem includes

Thalamus and Basal Ganglia

Lower brainstem includes

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

Aphasia

Language impairment

Apraxia

Deficits in speech motor programming

Dysarthria

Difficulty with speech movements

Third convolution of left front lobe; more production

Broca’s area

Frist convolution of left temporal love; more understanding

Wernicke’s area

The motor strip is in the

Frontal Lobe

Sensory Strip is in the

Parietal lobe

This encases most human fibers and is known at white matter

Myelin

Bundle of nuerons fibers are

nerves

Neuron firing is

All or nothing

Conduction from one neuron to another involves a release of chemicals at the

Synapse

Units of speech/language are exchanged in production (damp towel becomes tamp dowl)

Spoonerisms

Oral and laryngeal structures are innervated mainly by

cranial nerves

The respiratory system is inverted by

Spinal nerves

Neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body are called

Efferent neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from the peripheral sense organs of the body to the central nervous system are called

Afferent neurons

The medulla oblongata is a part of the

lower brainstem

The thalamus is apart of the

Higher brainstem

Neural impulses are conducted away from the cell body via the

axon

Neural impulses are conducted toward the cell body via

Dendrites

The juncture between neurons is called

A synapse

Broca discovered that speech production is controlled in the third convolution of the

Frontal lobe left central hemisphere

Wernicke discovered that the first convolution of the ____ of the left cerebral hemisphere controls speech comprehension

Temporal lobe

True/False: The frontal and parietal lobes of the brain are separated by the Fissure of Sylvius

False: It is separated by the Fissure of Rolando

True/False: The nervous system interfaces with the motor system via the motor unit

True

True/False: Inspiration for speech breathing requires the contraction of the external intercostals muscles

True

True/False: During speech production, inhalation time usually exceeds exhalation time

False

Exhalation time for speech is controlled by balancing the acitvity of the muscles of ____ and the muscles of _____

Inspiration and exhalation

Relaxation volume is about what percent of vital capacity

40%