Cardiac Structures, Valvular Heart Disease, and Cardiomyopathies

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cardiac valvular disorders, assessment findings, murmurs, surgical management, and major cardiomyopathies based on Dr. Vivek Agnihotri's lecture.

Atrioventricular Valves

The heart valves located between the atria and the ventricles, comprising the mitral valve (connecting the left atrium to the left ventricle) and the tricuspid valve (connecting the right atrium to the right ventricle).

Semilunar Valves

The heart valves positioned at the exits of the ventricles, including the aortic valve (between the left ventricle and aorta) and the pulmonary valve (between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery).

Valvular Stenosis

A condition in which a heart valve cannot open properly, resulting in obstruction to forward blood flow.

Valvular Regurgitation

An abnormality where a heart valve cannot close properly, resulting in backward blood flow or incompetence.

Mitral Stenosis (MS)

A disorder characterized by fusion of the mitral valve leaflets and failure of the valve to open normally, obstructing blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle; most commonly caused by rheumatic fever.

Opening Snap

An abnormal auscultatory finding associated with mitral stenosis, typically heard following the second heart sound and accompanied by a loud first heart sound ($S_1$) and a mid-diastolic murmur.

Mitral Valve Regurgitation (MR)

A condition in which the mitral valve fails to close properly during systole, allowing retrograde flow of blood into the left atrium; etiologies include rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, and papillary muscle dysfunction.

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

A valvular condition characterized by abnormal movement of the mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole, associated with a systolic murmur and potential mitral regurgitation.

Aortic Stenosis (AS)

Narrowing of the aortic valve that impedes blood ejection from the left ventricle into the aorta during ventricular systole, resulting in a systolic murmur.

Aortic Regurgitation (AR)

Incompetence of the aortic valve that prevents proper closure during diastole; etiologies include rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, secondary syphilis, TAVR, and Marfan's syndrome.

Marfan's Syndrome

A connective tissue disorder where affected individuals are characteristically tall and thin with an arm span exceeding height; identified as a causative factor in mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation.

Water-Hammer Pulse

A rapid, bounding arterial pulse with a sudden peak and quick collapse, identified as a clinical presentation sign of aortic regurgitation.

Annuloplasty

A surgical repair technique involving the narrowing and stabilization of a dilated heart valve ring with a prosthetic ring and/or purse-string suturing.

Allograft

A biological tissue heart valve replacement harvested from a human cadaver.

Xenograft

A biological prosthetic heart valve made from non-human tissue, specifically bovine (cow) or porcine (pig) origins.

MTR PASS MVP

A clinical mnemonic identifying lesions associated with systolic murmurs: Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation (physiologic), Aortic Stenosis, and Mitral Valve Prolapse.

MS ARD

A clinical mnemonic identifying conditions that cause diastolic murmurs: Mitral Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation Diastolic murmur.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

The most common form of cardiomyopathy (accounting for $90\%$ of all CMP cases), characterized by enlargement of all four cardiac chambers, systolic dysfunction, decreased myocardial contractility, and reduced cardiac output.

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

A stress-induced cardiomyopathy characterized by transient ballooning and enlargement of the left ventricle, causing it to resemble the shape of a Japanese octopus pot.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

A cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular and septal hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, decreased filling, forceful apical impulse, and an increased risk of sudden death in young athletes.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)

The least common type of cardiomyopathy, characterized by rigid ventricular walls and poor ventricular compliance that impedes adequate diastolic cavity filling.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

An unusual, inherited cardiomyopathy of the human heart muscle characterized by progressive fatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium.