Exam 2 CA Nutrition

What are the two options for feeding our pets?

Homemade or commercially buying

In 1860, _____ _____ made the first commercial dog food

James Spratt

When was the pet food extrusion process developed?

1950s

What is extrusion?

Mixing all food products together, rapidly cooking, forcing through extruder.

What is done after extrusion?

Fat or other palatability enhancers are sprayed on the food

What type of food was the first to address different life stages in animals?

Premium foods

What does AAFCO stand for?

Association of American Feed Control Officials

What does AAFCO do?

Publishes the regulations for pet food
Specifies nomenclature and ingredients for pet food

What does NRC stand for?

National Resource council

What does the NRC do?

Develop reports that provide recommendations for cats and dogs throughout their life stages

What does FDA stand for?

Food and Drug administration

What does the FDA do?

Jurisdiction over all pet feeds

Enforces federal food and drug act that keeps pet food safe and wholesome

Regulates specific claims on labels

Contains the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)

What does USDA stand for?

United States Department of Agriculture

What does the USDA regulate?

Makes sure pet foods are clearly labeled (NOT for human consumption)
Inspects meat ingredients used in pet foods

Ensures proper handling

Inspects and regulates research facilities

What does PFI stand for?

Pet food institute

What does PFI do?

Represents manufactures for pet foods and works with AAFCO

What two companies are pet food regulators?

AAFCO & FDA

What is the principle display panel?

Part of the label that is intended for customers for retail sales

Set by AAFCO

How long can “new and improved” stay on a label for?

6 Months

What must a pet food label include?

product name

dog or cat food

net weight

name and address of company

guaranteed analysis

Ingredients

purpose of the product

how nutritional quality was established

expiration date

What information does the guaranteed analysis panel include?

Amount of fat and protein

Minimum percentages of crude protien/fat

Maximum percentages for moisture and crude fiber

Optional listings (min. % magnesium/taurine, max. % of fat)

Analytical procedures

What needs to be taken into consideration when looking at the guaranteed analysis panel?

Water content

Its on an as fed basis

Caloric density

What is included on the ingredients list?

Terms approved by AAFCO (overseen by FDA)

All ingredients

In descending order

Premium foods are an example of which formula diet?

Fixed formula

Pet food labels must contain this (EXCLUDING pet foods and snacks)

statement of nutritional adequacy

How many different types of nutritional adequacy labels are there?

4

If a product has “complete and balanced” on it, what must the product label include?

feeding guidelines of directions for the life stages of the pet it is intended for (AAFCO enforced)

T/F: The caloric content statement on a label is optional.

True

How is energy expressed?

ME in units of kilocalories per kilogram, kilocalories per pound, or kilocalories per cup

T/F: A label statement can claim to prevent or treat disease.

False

A dog food labeled lean cannot contain more than _% crude fat

9

What should pet food advertising consider?

Owners needs and perceptions

different life stages

educational programs

palatability

convenience

cost

Palatability can lead to what?

Overeating and obesity

Cheaper foods means what?

Lower quality, cheaper ingredients

What should you consider when looking at nutrient content?

Levels of nutrition

Digestibility

Availability

Form and quality

What are the two methods of determining nutrient content?

Lab analysis & Calculation

T/F: Lab analysis is the most accurate way to determine nutrient content.

True

What is proximate analysis?

a panel of tests that provides information about % moisture, crude protein, ash or minerals, and fiber contained in the food

What is the calculation method?

Ingredient values found in standard tables are summed.

What are the two problems with the calculation method?

Lack of accurate data for many ingredients used (outdated or misleading tables)

Ingredient quality cannot be determined

What does digestibility provide?

A measure of food quality because it directly determines the proportions of nutrients in the food that are available for absorption.

How is digestibility evaluated?

feeding trials

T/F: Feeding trials are the most accurate way to measure digestibility

True

How is digestibility determined in feeding trials?

Undigested residue of food in the fecal matter.

What is a digestibility cofactor?

The amount of digested nutrients calculated by subtraction (expressed as percentages)

How is true digestibility determined?

By estimating the normal metabolic loss of nutrient and deducting that value from the amount of nutrient measured in the fecal matter

Apparent digestibility represents what?

the actual net gain to the animal from the digestion of food

As digestibility increases, fecal volume does what?

decreases significantly

What is a result of a highly digestible diet?

Firm, well formed feces

What are the three ways to determine metabolizable energy?

Calculating using atwater factors

Calculating from digestible nutrients without urine collection

Direct determination from trials including urine collection

What is ME?

the amount of energy in a pet food that is available for the animal to use

What does ME account for?

the digestibility and the loss of energy in urine and expired gasses

T/F: Gross Energy is a more accurate representation of energy available to the animal than ME.

False

T/F: ME is required on pet food labels

False

T/F: The guaranteed analysis panel usually reports nutrient levels on an as fed basis

True

How do you convet as fed to dry matter?

You take the percentage of a nutrient on as fed basis divided by the proportion of dry matter in the diet

How do you express a food’s nutrient content?

Energy Requirement (Kcal) / energy density (Kcal/G) = food intake (G)
food intake (G) x protein in diet (%) = protein consumed (G)

Nutrient density is the most accurate way to…

present nutrient data and compare different foods

T/F: Moisture content has no effect to nutrient densities because water doesnt provide calories.

True

What are the three nutrient groups that contribute to energy?

Fat, protein, and carbs

___ is an excellent source of starch and is a principal source of digestible carbohydrates

Corn

T/F: Anything that has a protein content that is greater than its percentage in the diet is considered to be a….

source of protein in that ration

protein sources can be provided by what

animal sources, plant sources, or a combination of both

High quality animal source protiens provide what

superior amino acid balances

What are the commonly included in commercial pet food include

beef

chicken

chicken meal

lamb

lamb meal

dried egg

fish

fish meal

meat and bone meal

meat byproducts

meat meal

rabbit

salmon

duck

turkey

venison

What is the definition of meat?

any species of slaughtered animal

What is the definition if poultry

flesh and skin of domestic poultry

what is the definition of byproduct?

secondary products, not used in human foods

what is the definition of meal?

any ingredient that has been ground

What is the difference between poultry and poultry byproduct?

Poultry contains no feathers, heads, feet, or entrails while byproduct may contain feathers, heads, feet, or intestines

What is the difference between chicken meal and chicken byproduct meal

Chicken meal is dry ground whole chicken with no heads, feet, viscera, or feathers. Chicken byproduct meal is the same processing but contains byproducts

What are the factors that influence quality and digestibility?

Amount of bone

Protein source

Degree of processing or cooking

T/F: If there are high levels of calcium found in a pet food it can be an indicator of what

the diet may be of poor quality and contains excessivly high amounts of bone

Chicken has a high water content of , and is typically high in

60-75%, fat

Chicken meals are produced through a process called

rendering

Meals are heat treated twice, once in ____ and once in _____

rendering, extrusion

Byproduct meal refers to what

the meal produces from rendering and drying of an animal byproduct protein source

When a byproduct meal listed high on an ingredient list it represents what

a primary protein source in the food as a result of its dry form

Grain source protein includes what

Corn gluten meal

Various forms of soy (flour, grits)

Alfalfa meal

Flax seed meal

wheat germ

What is corn gluten meal?

The dried residue that remains after most of the starch fiber and germ containing portions of the corn grain have been removed

T/F: Corn gluten meal is consistent in quality and contains abut 60% protein.

True

T/F: Corn gluten meal is not as digestible as protein ingredients but is comparable some meals

True

Corn gluten meal protein is deficient in the amino acids

lysine, arginine, and tryptophan

Texturized vegetable protein (TVP) contains about __% protein and has a meat like texture

50

TVP does what?

increases fecal volume and produces softer stools

T/F: Soy protein is limiting in the sulfur amino acid methionine but is rich in lysine, making it a valuable complimentary protein to corn meal

True

T/F: Soy carbs are well digested in the canine small intestine

False (poorly)

Soy flour and TVP contain approximately 30% what

carbohydrate

T/F: Soy fibers can be digested by the enzymes of the small intestine

False

T/F: Soy fibers are nearly 100% dgestible in the large intestine

True

What are common carbohydrate sources in pet foods? Being a source and form of starch

Corn, rice, soybean, wheat, and oats, (barley, carrots, flaxseed, peas, and potatoes in lesser amounts)

T/F: Cooking plant starch greatly enhances its digestibility

True

Common grain sources are

corn, wheat, and rice, ground corn, corn grits

T/F: Corn grits contains a higher proportion of digestible starch while corn meal is slightly higher in fiber and protein

True

Wheat and rice grains are usually ground and processed to make what for pet foods

flours

Wheat flour is often used in what because it’s high gluten content and palatability to baked products

biscuits

___ contains slightly more protein than other cereal grains

Wheat

____ is one of the most highly digestible starches fed to dogs and cats

Rice

T/F: Wheat has acquired an reputation as an allergy causing ingredient while rice is perceived to be hypoallergenic

True

Other starch sources include

Oats, barely, sorghum (milo), peas, lentils, and potatoes