Bios 1715 lab 1

Sagittal

cut left and right

Coronal

Cut front from back

Transverse

Cut from top to Bottom

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Dorsal

Back

Ventral

Front

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the trunk/origin

Distal

Father from the trunk/origin

Superficial

Towards the outer surface

Deep

Farther inside the body

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot upward

Plantarflexion

Movement of the foot downward

Flexion

Decrease angle of the joint

extension

Increase angle of the joint

-flex- plane

sagittal

Adbution

Away from the midline

Adduction

Toward the midline

Inversion

sole towards the medial plane

Eversion

Sole turns away from the medial plane

Elevation

Shoulder shrug or mouth close

Depression

Lowering shoulder or open mouth

Abduction, adduction, Inversion, eversion, elevation, depression

Coronal plane

Medial rotation

Turn a bone toward the midline

lateral rotation

Turn a bone away from the midline

Pronation

Palm facing posterior

Supination

Palm facing anterior

Dendrites

Receive signals

Soma/cell body

Process information

Axon

Transmit signals

Axon terminal

Gives out signals

Myelinating Cells

Insulate axon

Glial Cells

Supporting non-neuronal cells of the NS

Node of Ranvier

Gaps between myelinated sections

CNS: Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

Ganglia, spinal nerves

Cerebrum

thinking, senses, language, memory, voluntary actions

Corpus callosum

Connects left and right hemisphere

Diencephalon

thalamus hypothalamus, pineal gland

Brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Thalamus

process sensory info to cerebrum and regulate sleep

Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis and pituitary gland, controls hunger/thirst

Pineal gland

Secretes melatonin

Midbrain

Transfer motor signals from the cerebrum to the brain stem

Pons

Relay signals from cerebrum ro cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

Respiratory and cardiovascular control

Corpus Callosum

Connects the two halves of the brain

Olfactory bulb

Processes smell

Optic nerve

Process vision

Optic Chiasm

where the optic nerves cross

Dura mater

thick membrane that covers the brain

Olfactory tract

Transfers smell info to the rest of the brain

Infundibulum

Connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Mammimila body

Memory

Superior Calliculi

Visual reflex

Spinal cord starts

Brain steam

Spinal cord ends

Lumbar vertebrea L1-L2 Conus medullaris

Where does the spinal cord gets wider

Cervical enlargement and Lumbar enlargement

5 categories of the spinal cord

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Chest

Lumbar

back

Sacral

Pelvic

Coccygeal

end of the spinal cord

Extends from the conus medullaris

Cauda equina

Grey matter

Butterfly shaped - inside

White matter

outside

Grey matter has

cellbodies, dendrites, Glial cells

White matter has

Myelinated axons

Astrocytes

Support/nourish neurons; help with repair

Oligodendrocytes

Make myelin in the CNS

Schwann cells

Make myelin in the PNS

Microglia

Immune/cleanup cells

Ependymal cells

Line the brains ventricles

Photorecptors

respond to light

Rods

vision in dim light

Cones

Color vision

Mechanorecptors

Vibration and pressure touch and hair cells

Thermoreceptors

temperature

Nociceptors

Pain

Accomodation

How changing lens shape to focus on object at different distances

Sensory adaption

Sensory receptors become less responsive to stimulus

Localization

using time and loudness to determine where the sound is coming from

2 point touch discrimination

If felt one touch or 2

Cornea

Protect outer eye, bend incoming light

Sclera

Protect whole eye

Optic nerve (eye)

carries visual info from retina to brain

Iris

Controls pupils to regulate how much light gets in

Pupils

Allows light to enter

Ciliary body

Changes lens shape and produce eye fluid

Choroid

Blood supply to the retina and absorb extra light

Tapetum Lucidum

Reflects light back through the retina

Retina

Contains rods and cones

Lens

Focuses light into the retina

Vitreous Humor

Eyeball maintain shape and supports the retina

What’s 1?

Cornea

what’s 2

Sclera