ANTR 350 UNIT 2

Viscerocranium

Portion of the skull that forms the face

Bones that contribute to the viscerocranium paired

left and right maxillae, zygomatics, palatimes, lacrimal, nasal bones, and inferior nasal conche

Bones that contribute to the viscerocranium unpaired

vomer and mandible

Neurocranium

portion of skull that encloses the brain

Bones that contribute to the neurocranium paired

left and right parietals, left and right temporals

Bones that contribute to the neurocranium unpaired

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Bony nasal septum

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone fuse with the vomer

Bridge of nose formed by what

nasal bones

Bones that articulate at Coronal

between frontal and left and right parietal bones

Bones that articulate at Lambdoidal

between the occiptal bone and the left and right parietal bones

Bones that articulate at Sagittal

between the left and right parietal bones

Bones that articulate at Squamosal

between the parietal bones and the squamos portion of the temporal bones

Paired bony openings that transmit the internal carotid artery

carotid canal

Paired bony openings that transmit the internal jugular vein

jugular foramen

Paired bony openings that transmit the middle meningeal artery

foramen spinosum

Pterion

H shaped articulation of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

Artery at risk of injury in a fracture to pterion

middle meningeal artery

Type of hematoma that results from fracture to pterion

epidural hematoma

Two paired bones that form the hard plate

maxillae and palatine bones

7 bones that form the orbit of the skull

sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine

Bones that contain paranasal sinuses

frontal, sphenoid, maxilalry, ethmoid

Hyoid bone

found in the anterior neck region below mandible, does not articulate directly with any other bone, tongue anchor, swallowing & speech, airway maintenance

5 regions of vertebral column from superior to inferior

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccyx (4)

Cervical curvature

secondary, lordotic

Thoracic curvature

primary, kyphotic

Lumbar curvature

secondary, lordotic

Sacral curvature

primary, kyphotic

Kyphosis

an excessive anterior curvature of one or more regions of the vertebral column

Lordosis

an excessive posterior curvature of one or more regions of the vertebral column

Scoliosis

an excessive lateral curvature of one or more regions of the vertebral column

Vertebral canal

space that contains the spinal cord within an articulated vertebral column

intervertebral foramina

bony openings that contain the spinal nerves

Transverse foramina

boney openings that transmit the vertebral artery in a cervical vertebra

Absence of a vertebral body

C1

Anterior arch

C1

Dens or odontoid process

C2

Elongated spinous process

C7

Posterior arch

C1

Large, kidney shaped vertebral body

lumbar

Short, bifid spinous process

cervical

Superior and inferior costal facets

thoracic

Transverse costal facets

thoracic

Transverse foramen

cervical

True ribs

ribs 1-7, each these ribs attaches to the sternum via its pwn individual costal cartilage

False ribs

ribs 8-10, do not attach directly to the sternum, instead costal cartilage of ribs 8-10 merges with the costal cartilage of 7

Floating ribs

ribs 11-12, have no anterior attachment to the sternum, short ribs only attach to the vertebral body posteriorly

Nucleus pulposus

component of an intervertebral disc that herniates during an injury, protrudes posterolateral which compresses the adjacent spine nerve root

Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)

spans the vertebral column along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies, limits extension of the vertebral column and prevents hyperextension

Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

spans the vertebral column along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and is contained within the vertebral canal, limits flexion of the vertebral column and prevents hyperflexion

Typical direction of a herniated disc to the anatomy of ALL and PLL

posterolaterally because of a structural path of least resistance, ALL is wide and thick fully protecting the front of the disc, PLL narrows significantly at the sides leving back corners of the disc weak and prone to tearing under pressure

Atlanto-occipital joint

flexion, extension, lateral flexion

Median atlanto-axial joint

rotation

Bony features that form: Atlanto-occipital joint

occiptal condyles and superior articulating facets of C1

Bony features that form: Costochondral

ribs and its costal cartilage

Bony features that form: Costotransverse

rib tubercle and transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

Bony features that form: Costovertebral

rib head and body of thoracic vertebrae

Bony features that form: intervertebral disc

neighboring ventral bodies

Bony features that form: lateral atlanto axial

inferior articulating facets of C1 and superior articulating facets of C2

Bony features that form: Manubriosternal

manubrium and body of sternum

Bony features that form: Median atlanto axial joint

dens of C2 and anterior arch of C1

Bony features that form: sternocostal

costal cartilage and sternum

Bony features that form: TMJ

mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa of temporal bone

Bony features that form: Zygapophyseal (facet)

superior and inferior articulating facets of neighboring vertebrae

Meninges and spaces from superificial to deep

epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

Dural venous sinuses

where venous blood from the brain drains before leaving the cranial cavity, where CSF returns to venous circulation via structures called arachnoid granulations

Subarachnoid space

contains CSF

Epidural hematoma

develops when blood pools between the periosteal layer of the dura mater and the overlying skull

Subdural hematoma

venous blood escapes into subdural space, when arachnoid slides across dura matter cutting the veins

Subarachnoid hematoma

when arteries supplying blood to the brain in subarachnoid space burst or are otherwise damaged

CSF flow

lateral ventricles, interventicular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal

Arachnoid villi

absorb CSF from the subarachnoid space, transfer the absorbed fluid into the dural venous sinuses

Choroid plexus

produce and secrete CSF into the ventricles, filter blood plasma through specialized ependymal cells

Gyrus

elevated ridges or hills

Sulcus

small grooves or valleys

Corpus callosum

main connection between the left and right cerebral hemispheres and allows the halves to communicate with each other

Central sulcus

seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Lateral fissure

seperates the temporal lobe from both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Cerebellum

coordinates voluntary movement, balance, posture, and motor learning

Cerebellum damage

ataxia, tremors, loss of balance, and slurred speech

Frontal lobe

involved in voluntary motor control, decision making, planning, concentration, and personality

Frontal lobe damage

personality changes, impaired judgement, loss of social inhibitions, and executive dysfunction

Parietal lobe

involved in general sensory functions

Parietal lobe damage

hemispatial neglect, spatial disorientation, and difficulty reading

Postcentral gyrus and primary somatosensory cortex

recieves and processes somatic sensations like touch, pressure, pain, and temp from the body

Postcentral gyrus and primary somatosensory cortex damage

contralateral weakness or paralysis

Precentral gyrus and primary motor cortex

initiates and controls voluntary motor movements

Precentral gyrus and primary motor cortex damage

contralateral weakness or paralysis

Temporal lobe

involved in hearing and smell

Temporal lobe damage

receptive aphasia and memory deficits

Occipital lobe

processes visual information and stores visual memories

Occipital lobe damage

visual field defects

Homunculus

a maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain

Decussation

phsyical crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the opposite side, the cerebral cortex controls and recieves signals from the contralateral side of the body

Damage to right motor cortex

left side of body- loss of movement

Damage to left motor cortex

right side of body- loss of movement

Damage to right sensory cortex

left side of body- loss of sensation

Damage to left sensory cortex

right side of body- loss of sensation

what lobe: amygdala

temporal

what lobe: brocas area

frontal

what lobe: hippocampus

temporal