Chapter 25 - Urinary System

What are the characteristics of the kidney?

• Located behind a padded layer of fat

• Inside the renal sinus

• Upper rear portion of the abdominal cavity

• Supplied by renal vein and drained by renal artery

The glomerular membrane differs from a typical capillary membrane in what ways?

The glomerual membrane contains tiny holes and is more permeable to water and small molecules. It filters eaiser and the glomerual is drianed by efferent arteriole.

Which of the following mechanisms, if any, exerts the greatest influence towards maintaining homeostasis of total fluid volume?

Renal tubular water reabsorption ability

In systemic hypotension, ___ is secreted; as a result, ___ will constrict the efferent arterioles leading to increased blood pressure in the glomerulus.

Renin ; Angiotensin 2

Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose it ____.

Glucose will appear or left in the urine

Place the following in their proper sequence:
1. Release or renin
2. Sodium reabsorption from tubules
3. Formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I
4. Release of aldosterone
5. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

1, 5, 3, 4, 2

If the glomerular blood pressure is 65 mm Hg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 12 mm Hg, and the colloidal osmotic pressure in the glomerulus approximates 28 mm Hg, what is the effective filtration
pressure?

65-12-28=25

GBP-CHP-COP=EFP

Filtration in the glomerulus is due principally to:

Glomerular Blood Pressure

Which of the following statements is "NOT TRUE " for the ureter?

Contains skeletal muscle in its wall.

What effect does antidiuretic hormone have on the kidney?

It enhances the kidney to reabsorb water

Aldosterone:

Leads to an increase of cyrstalloid osmotic pressure of the blood increases the reabsorption of sodium from the tubular lumen of the nephron controls skeleton muscle in its wall

Juxta glomerular cells would be stimulated to produce renin by ____.

Moderate to severe hemorrhage; or seriously dehydrated

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood will:

Increase the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood

Urination would be increased by:

• Antidiuretic hormone will be reduced

• NAP

• Drinking lots of water

• Micturition Reflex

What would probably occur if the prostate gland had a tumor in its central part?

The urethra would be constricted and urine would back up to the bladder.

Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by:

Inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis).

When a substance in the renal tubules exceeds its threshold, it ____.

The amount of the substance that exceeds the tubular maximum; will be found in the urine.

Anti-diuretic hormone(ADH) is produced in the:

Neurons of the hypothalamus (BRAIN)

Potassium secretion into the urine is controlled by:

Aldosterone Secretion

After the bladder is stretched due to the buildup of urine, nerve impulses pass through the spinal cord to the hypothalamus via the:

Lateral Spinothalmic Tract

Because about 20 % of the water in the glomeruli is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule, the __ osmotic pressure of the blood entering the peritubular capillary bed is __.

Relative ; Increased

An abnormal constituent in the urine is:

• Protein

• Glucose

• RBC’S amino acids

• Ketones

The kidney's control over Na+ excretion is monitored by a hormone called:

Aldosterone

The amount of water lost or retained by the body is primarily regulated by

The Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH)

Glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma in composition EXCEPT that the filtrate lack significant amounts of:

Protein

When arterial blood pressures decrease substantially, the glomerular filtration rate:

Decreases Slightly

The kidneys help to regulate the pH of body fluids by controlling the:

Secretion of hydrogen ions. The more acid that is secreted, the more hydrogen ions are secreted too.

When excessive amounts of water are lost due to sweating or diarrhea:

• Dehydration

• Production ADH

• Renin is secreted

• Water is retained

ADH, a hormone believed to be synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus, is released into the blood by the posterior pituitary gland, and it ___.

Accelerated distal tubule reabsorption of water in PCT and collecting dust

The epithelium of the glomerulus is composed of:

Fenestrated Endothelium

The ion that would have the greatest effect on water movement between body compartments is:

Sodium

Microvilli are in greatest quantity in the:

Area of the proximal convoluted tubules

The inner (visceral) layer of a glomerular capsule is made of:

Podocytes

The liquid which collects in the minor calices of the renal sinus is:

Urine

Which has as its main function the "reabsorption of sodium, chloride, amino acids and about 80% of eventual water reabsorption?

The Proximal Convoluted Tube (PCT)

The maintenance of a relatively high blood pressure in the glomerulus is related to the fact that ____.

The afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole. It takes blood out of the glomerulus.

The hormone ADH functions by affecting what part of the kidney?

Collecting ducts and DCT

Angiotensin I splits from angiotensinogen by the enzymatic action of:

Renin

Which of the following is not actively reabsorbed?

Urea: Waste