Speech & Hearing Science Exam II

phonatory source & supraglottal source

what are the two types of sound production in speech?

phonatory source (periodic)

air pressure forces the vocal folds to vibrate

supraglottal source (aperiodic)

air pressure builds up behind vocal-tract closures and is released, air is forced through narrow constrictions

fundamental frequency

represents the number of vocal-fold cycles per second, varies across speakers, varies within speakers

lower

longer, more massive vocal folds yield _________ fundamental frequency

higher

Lengthening the vocal folds increases tension and decreases mass, leading to ______ fundamental frequency

cover

mostly mucous membrane of the vocal folds

body

mostly muscle of the vocal folds

control airflow in and out of lungs and provide sound source for speech

function of the larynx

hyoid bone

lies between jaw and larynx

epiglottis

flexible cartilage that covers larynx during swallow

thyroid cartilage

encloses the larynx anteriorly

cricoid cartilage

top ring of trachea; supports arytenoids

arytenoid cartilages

paired pyramidal structures; vocal processes run forward to attach to vocal folds

intraoral pressure

___________ ___________ buildup during consonants may cause phonation to cease

longer

_________ vocal folds vibrate at lower frequencies

tense

________ vocal folds vibrate at higher frequencies

less massive (thinner)

______ __________ vocal folds vibrate at higher frequencies

increases

increasing subglottal pressure ___________ voice intensity

fissure of rolando

the sensory and motor strips are separated by the

frontal lobe

motor strip is located where

parietal lobe

sensory strip is located where

spoonerisms

units of speech/language are exchanged in production (“damp towel” becomes “tamp dowel”)

grey matter

darker, outer portion of the brain

white matter

lighter, inner section of the brain

white matter

outside part of the spinal cord

grey matter

inside part of the spinal cord

neuron somas

gray matter is primarily composed of

axons

white matter is mostly made of

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

parts of the brainstem

temporal lobe

involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm, and smell recognition

parietal lobe

helps person identify objects and understand spatial relationships; helps interpret pain and touch

frontal lobe

involved in personality characteristics, decison-making, and movement

diaphragm

forms the floor of the thoracic cavity

medulla oblongata

sends commands to the respiratory muscles

tidal volume

amount of air exchanged (in and out) during a cycle of quiet breathing

vital capacity

amount of air exchanged in maximum inspiration - maximum expiration

brain and spinal cord

parts of CNS

all other components including cranial and spinal nerves

parts of PNS

efferent neurons

nerve impulses from CNS to peripheral parts of the body (motor)

afferent neurons

nerve impulses from peripheral parts of body to CNS (sensory)

axons

carry information away from the cell body

dendrites

receive info from incoming axons

bernoulli effect

vocal folds are drawn toward each other - narrow space @ the moment they are blown apart causes the air presssure within the glottis to decrease