Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development + Chapter 13: Play

intermittent reinforcement

inconsistent response to a behavior

behavior modification

form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

vicarious reinforcement

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment

reciprocal determinism

child-environment influence operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment

self-socialization

idea that kids play very active role in own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, etc

role taking

being aware of the perspective of another person

hostile attributional bias

tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent

achievement motivation

whether children are motivated by competence or by others’ view of their success

entity/helpless orientation

tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure

incremental/mastery orientation

tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

entity theory

level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

incremental theory

intelligence can grow as a function of experience

ethology

study of evolutionary bases of behavior

imprinting

form of learn where newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species

parental-investment theory

evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring

microsystem

immediate environment that a child experiences and directly participates in

mesosystem

interconnections among microsystems

exosystem

environmental settings a kid is not part of but that can affect the child indirectly

macrosystem

larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

chronosystem

historical changes that influence the other systems

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention

play

voluntary activities, particularly those of kids, with no specific motivation beyond their inherent enjoyment

unoccupied play

child watches things in environment, but only briefly

onlooker play

child watches other children’s play

solitary play

child is engrossed in their own activity and doesn’t attend to others

parallel play

child plays alongside other children in independent activity

associative play

child plays with others in a common activity/shares toys, but no shared goal

cooperative play

child plays with peers in an organized activity with a common goal