A&P Bones

Anatomy

The study of structure (morphology)

Physiology

The study of function at many levels

Integumentary System

(skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain pressure etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Skeletal System

(Bones, ligaments, cartilage) Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Muscular System

(Muscles) Allows manipulation of the environment locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Nervous System

(Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs) As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Cardiovascular System

(Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood) Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood.

Lymphatic System

(Lymph vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen) Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

Respiratory System

(Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Digestive System

(Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine) Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Urinary System

(Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Male Reproductive System

Overall function is production off offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Female Reproductive System

Overall function is production of offspring. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of the female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Homeostasis

- Maintenance of a relatively stable, livable, internal environment despite continuous outside changes.

- A dynamic state of equilibrium

- involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)

Movement (Contractility)

- of body parts (skeletal muscle)

- of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)

Responsiveness: the ability to sense and respond to stimuli

- Control of breathing rate

Digestion (Metabolism obtaining nutrients)

- Breakdown of ingested foodstuff

- Absorption of simple molecules into blood

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

Reproduction

- Cellular division for growth or repair

- Production of offspring

Growth & Repair

increase in size of a body part or of organism or replacement of tissues

Nutrients

- Chemicals for energy and cell building

- Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Oxygen

Essential for energy release (ATP production)

Water

- Most abundant chemical in the body

- Site of chemical reactions

Normal Body Temperature

Affects rate of chemical reactions

Pressure

- Atmospheric pressure: For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

- Hydrostatic: Heart action produces blood pressure, forcing blood through blood vessels

Receptors

- Monitors the environment

Control center

-Determines the set point (expected value) at which the variable is maintained

- Receives input from receptor

- Determines appropriate response

Effectors

- Receives output from control center

- Provides the means to respond

- Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

Negative Feedback

- Receptors sense decreases blood volume

- control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood

Positive Feedback

- The response. or exaggerates the original stimulus

- May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect

Anatomical Position

- Body erect

- Feet slightly apart

- Palms facing forward

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the organ of the body part or at the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the organ of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface: more internal

Axial

Head, Neck and Trunk

Appendicular

Limbs

Sagittal Plane

- Divides body vertically into right and left parts

- produces a sagittal section

Midsagittal plane

Lies on a midline with left and right parts

Coronal plane

divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse plane

- Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts

- produces a cross section

oblique section

Cuts made diagonally

Cranial Cavity

Encases brain

Vertebral Cavity

Encases spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

Contains Heart and Lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Mediastinum

- Contains pericardial & pleural cavities

- Surronds thoracic organs

Pleural Cavities

Each houses a lung

Pericardial Cavity

Encloses Heart

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

2,500 years ago

The belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood, as opposed to superstitions

vital signs

observable body functions that reflect essential metabolic activities - temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate - signals living

diaphragm

separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

visceral pericardium

membrane touching the heart

parietal pericardium

membrane surrounding the heart cavity

visceral pleura

membrane touching the lungs

parietal pleura

membrane surrounding the thoracic cavity

visceral peritoneum

membranes touching the abdominal organs

parietal peritoneum

membranes surrounding the abdomen

Positive Feedback Loop Example

Blood clotting, lactation, labor contractions

early ancestor study of A&P

curious about illness and injury; superstition, magic, and herbs

level of organization

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

viscera

organs found deep within a body cavity

Respiration

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

Absorption

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation

changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Heat

product of metabolic reactions, and determines rate of reactions

Longitudinal section

lengthwise cut