anatomy test #4

cranium

formed by 8 bones that are held together by synarthrodial joines

frontal bone

one bone that forms the front portion of the skull above the eyes including the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity, and the roofs of the eye orbits

parietal bone

two bones that form the sides and roof of the cranium

temporal bone

two bones located at the base and sides of the skull inferior to each temple

tympanic part

part of the temporal bones where the external auditory meatus (ear canal) is

petrous part

part of the temporal bone that is the hardest piece which protects the inner ear

styloid process

part of the temporal bone that is sharply pointed near the mastoid process

squama temporalis

part of the temporal bone that includes the zygomatic process

occipital bone

one bone located at the back and lower part of the cranium

foramen magnum

large hole at the base of the bone that allows the spinal cord to pass through

occipital condyles

located on either side of the foramen magnum and are points of articulation between the skull and the atlas

ethmoid bone

one bone that seperates the nasal cavity from the brain

“roof” of the nasal cavity, part of the bony orbits around the eyes, part of the floor of the cranium, the perpendicular plate makes the upper part of the nasal septum

4 parts of the ethmoid bone:

sphenoid bone

one bone located at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bone and anterior to occipital bone, forming part of the orbit of the eye and the base and lateral sides of the skull

vomer

one thin, quadrilateral-shaped bone located midsagittally that forms the posterior part of the nasal septum

nasal septum

divider of the right and left nasal cavity

nasal conchae

three long, narrow bones curled like a seashell that divide the nasal cavity into four groove-like passages, helping direct airflow as well as humidify, warm, and filter air

three nasal turbinates

inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, superior turbinate

nasal bones

two small oblong bones located in the upper middle area of the face that lie between the frontal processes of the maxilla, fused together, forming the bridge of the nose

zygomatic bones

two bones that extend back to meet the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming the zygomatic arch

lacrimal bones

two bones that are the smallest, most fragile facial bones that form the anterior portion of the medial wall of the eye orbit

mandible

forms the lower jaw, containing the roots for the bottom teeth, composed of the body, one right ramus, and one left ramus

condyle

articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint

temporomandibular joint

how the mandible attaches to the skull and allows the jaw to open and close as well as protrude, retract, and move side to side

maxilla

composed of two irregularly shaped bones that are fused at the intermaxillary suture, forming the upper jaw

palatine bones

two bones that form the posterior ¼ of the hard palate and the nasal cavity, located at the posterior edge of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the sphenoid bone

posterior fontanelle

the juncture of the parietal and occipital bones that generally closes around 2-3 months

anterior fontanelle

at the juncture of the frontal and parietal bones that generally closes around 16 -18 months

hard palate

bony and makes up the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity, preventing food, air, and sound waves from escaping the oral cavity

alveolar ridge

the raised ridge running from side to side in the anterior hard palate, behind top front teeth

velum

made up of several muscles and a large flat tendon called the palatal aponeurosis

palatal aponeurosis

attaches the velum to the hard palate

explain the velum at rest

the velum hangs down into the pharynx; at rest when you are breathing quietly through nose and when articulating nasal sound

explain the velum when raised

fully seperates the oral and nasal cavities; raised when articulating sounds other than nasal sounds and during swallowing

speech will be perceived as hypernasal and audible air loss from the nose during speech

What could happen if your velum does not adequately raise when you are articulating non-nasal sounds?

nasal regulation

What could happen if your velum does not adequately raise when you are swallowing?

uvula

the most inferior part of the velum

incisors, canines, bicuspids, molars

what are the 4 different types of adult teeth?

dental occlusion

the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches and positioning of individual teeth

malocclusion

a problem with occlusion

class 1 occlusion

normal - upper first permanent molar is one half-tooth behind the lower first permanent molar and upper incisors hide the lower incisors

class 2 malocclusion

overjet or overbite where first permanent molar is ahead of the lower first permanent molar and upper incisors are well ahead of the lower incisors

class 3 malocclusion

underbite - upper first permanent molar is one whole tooth behind the lower first permanent molar and lower incisors are well forward of the upper incisors

edentulous

completely without natural teeth

frontalis muscle

forehead - elevates eyebrows, forehead, wrinkles forehead

orbicularis oculi muscle

closes the eyelid, produces wrinkling, blinking, squinting

ptosis

drooping of the eyelid often caused by neurological problem such as stroke

procerus muscle

wrinkles the root of the nose

nasalis muscle

narrows the nose

levator labii superiosis alaeque nasi muscle

elevates the upper lip and flares the nostrils

orbicularis oris muscle

circular muscle surround the upper and lower lips that closes and protrudes the lips

buccinator muscle

allows the cheeks to draw inwards to keep food between the moles while chewing and pulls the cheeks in to help you blow

zygomaticus major & minor

pulls the corners of the mouth upward

risorius

stretches laterally to smile

levator labii superioris

elevates the upper lip

levator anguli oris

pulls the corner of the mouth upward

depressor anguli oris

pulls the corner of the mouth downward

depressor labii inferioris

pulls the lower lip downward

mentalis

protrudes the lower lip and elevates the skin of the chin

platysma

mostly a neck muscle but many of the muscle fibers blend with the muscles surrounding the angle of the mouth

auricularis anterior

surrounds outer ear and draws it forward and upward

auricularis superior

surrounds outer ear and slightly raises it

auricularis posterior

surrounds outer ear and draws it backward

mastication

chewing food

masseter

originates in the zygomatic arch and inserts in the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

Elevates the mandible, Lateralizes the mandible, Protrudes the mandible

movements of the masseter

temporalis

runs from the temporal bone and inserts into the coronoid process and the ramus of the mandible

movement of the temporalis

elevates and retracts the mandible

lateral pterygoid muscle

originates at the sphenoid bone and inserts into the condyle process of the mandible

movement of the lateral pterygoid muscle

depresses and protrudes the mandible along with the masseter muscle

medial pterygoid muscle

runs from the lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone and inserts into the ramus of the mandible

movement of the medial pterygoid muscle

elevates and protrudes the mandible

sinuses

air-filled cavities located near the nasal cavities, connecting to each other via small passageways

purpose of the sinuses

To warm and humidify the air and to keep bacteria and contaminants out of your body via cilia and thin mucus

palatal aponeurosis

large flat tendon that connects the velum to the hard palate

levator veli palatini

connects the temporal bone and the palatal aponeurosis making up the bulk of the velum

function of the levator veli palatini

elevates the velum/soft palate

musculus uvuli

located on the nasal surface of the velum and inserts into the uvula

function of the musculus uvuli

bunches up the uvula and helps raise it

tensor veli palatini

originates at the sphenoid bone and inserts into a tendon

function of the tensor veli palatini

contraction of the tensor veli palatini opens the eustachian tube

palatoglossus

muscle of both the velum and the tongue that arises from the palatal aponeurosis and inserts into the tongue posteriorly on each side

function of the palatoglossus

depresses the velum and elevates the tongue

Palatopharyngeus

muscle of the velum and the pharynx that runs from the velum down the pharynx forming the posterior faucial pillars

function of the palatopharyngeus

narrows the pharyngeal cavity to guide food into the lower pharynx

temporomandibular joint

synovial joint that is the place of articulation between the condyle and temporal bone