INBDE High-Yield Head and Neck Anatomy

List the muscles of mastication

-masseter

-temporalis

-lateral pterygoid

-medial pterygoid

The muscles of mastication are all innervated by what nerve?

Trigeminal, V3

The muscles of mastication are all supplied by what artery?

maxillary artery

Origin of Masseter

-zygomatic arch

Insertion of Masseter

-lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible

Action of Masseter

-elevation, retraction, and protrusion

-ipsilateral excursion

Origin of Temporalis

temporal fossa of temporal bone

Insertion of Temporalis

coronoid process

Action of Temporalis

-elevation and retraction

-ipsilateral excursion

Origin of Lateral Pterygoid

-infratemporal fossa of sphenoid bone

-lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion of Lateral Pterygoid

-articular disc and capsule of TMJ

-neck of mandibular condyle

Action of Lateral Pterygoid

-depression and protrusion

-contralateral excursion

Origin of Medial Pterygoid

-maxillary tuberosity

-medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion of Medial Pterygoid

-medial surface of the ramus

-angle of the mandible

Action of the Medial Pterygoid

-elevation and protrusion

-contralateral excursion

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue are defined as those that:

connect the tongue to other structures

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are defined as those that:

lie entirely within the tongue

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

-hyoglossus

-genioglossus

-styloglossus

-palatoglossus

Action of Hyoglossus

-retrudes the tongue

-depresses the lateral margins of the tongue

Action of Genioglossus

-protrudes the tongue

Action of Styloglossus

-retrudes the tongue

-elevates the lateral margins of the tongue

Action of Palatoglossus

-elevates posterior tongue

-draws soft palate to tongue

Three extrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by the same cranial nerve. What are those three extrinsic muscles, and what nerve is it?

The fourth extrinsic muscle is which, and innervated by what cranial nerve?

hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

CN XII

palatoglossus

CN X

List the soft palate muscles

-palatopharyngeus

-musculus uvulae

-levator veli palatini

-salpingopharyngeus

-tensor veli palatini

Action of palatopharyngeus

pulls pharynx and larynx upward

Action of musculus uvulae

shortens/broadens uvula to help close nasopharynx during swallowing

action of levator veli palatini

elevates the soft palate to close off nasopharynx during swallowing

action of salpingopharyngeus

equalizes air pressure

action of tensor veli palatini

-tenses the soft palate and opens the auditory tube

What's important to know about the anatomy of the tensor veli palatini?

tendon hooks around pterygoid hamulus to form palatine aponeurosis

Four soft palate muscles are innervated by the same cranial nerve. What are those four soft palate muscles, and what nerve is it?

The fifth soft palate muscle is which, and innervated by what cranial nerve?

palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, and salpingopharyngeus

CN X

tensor veli palatini

CNV3

*tensor and trigeminal both begin with T

List the facial expression muscles.

-buccinator

-orbicularis oris

-zygomaticus major

-levator labii superioris

-occipitofrontalis

-platysma

Buccinator Action

compresses cheeks against teeth

Orbicularis Oris Action

puckers lips and compresses lips against teeth

Zygomaticus Major Action

retracts and elevates corner of mouth

Levator Labii Superioris Action

elevates upper lip, aids in smiling

Occipitofrontalis Action

elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead, retracts scalp

Platysma Action

depresses mandible, tenses skin of lower face and anterior neck

Innervation of Buccinator

buccal branches of CN VII

Innervation of Orbicularis Oris

buccal and mandibular branches of CN VII

Zygomaticus Major, Levator Labii Superioris, Occipitofrontalis, and Platysma are all innervated by what nerve?

CN VII

Mylohyoid Action

forms floor of cavity, elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible

Mylohyoid Innervation

CN V3

What are the effects of the mylohyoid on mandibular dentures?

limits extension of lingual flange

What wraps around the posterior edge of the mylohyoid muscle?

submandibular gland

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN I

Olfactory

Sensory

Sense of Smell

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN II

Optic

Sensory

Vision

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN III

Oculomotor

Motor

Certain eye movements

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN IV

Trochlear

Motor

Certain eye movements

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN V

Trigeminal

Both

Somatic sensation to face, mouth, cornea

Motor innervation to muscles of mastication

The trigeminal ganglion emerges from what anatomic structure?

pons

List the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

V1 - ophthalmic

V2 - maxillary

V3 - mandibular

Ophthalmic Division V1 is sensory/motor/both

sensory

Maxillary Division V2 is sensory/motor/both

sensory

Mandibular Division V3 is sensory/motor/both

both

What structure does the ophthalmic division V1 exit?

cranium via superior orbital fissure

What structure does the maxillary division V2 exit?

cranium via foramen rotundum

What nerves does the maxillary division V2 give rise to?

branches into greater palatine, PSA, and infraorbital (gives off MSA and ASA) nerves

What nerves does the mandibular division V3 give rise to?

branches into lingual nerve (sensory for anterior 2/3 of ipsilateral tongue) and inferior alveolar nerve

What structure does the mandibular division V3 exit?

cranium via foramen ovale

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN VI

Abducens

Motor

Eye movements: lateral rectus muscle

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN VII

Facial

Both

Controls muscles of facial expression, taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue (via chorda tympani), lacrimal and salivary glands

What are the five branches of the Facial Nerve CN VII?

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

What nerve is affected in Bell's Palsy?

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear (technically 2 nerves)

Sensory

Proprioception and balance (via vestibular nerve)

Hearing (via cochlear nerve)

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN IX

Glossopharyngeal

Both

Sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, salivary gland

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN X

Vagus

Both

Autonomic functions of gut, cardiac parasympathetic innervation, sensation from larynx and pharynx, muscles of vocal cords, swallowing

What controls the gag reflex and can cause a hoarse voice if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged?

Vagus

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN XI

Accessory

Motor

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles: shoulder shrugging and turning head

Give the Name, Sensory/Motor/Both, and Major Function of CN XII

Hypoglossal

Motor

Movement of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Upon tongue protrusion, if there is a lesion, which way will the tongue deviate? (towards/away from lesion)

towards

Infraorbital Nerve (CN V2)

ASA Nerve (CN V2)

MSA Nerve (CN V2)

PSA Nerve (CN V2)

Buccal Nerve (CN V3)

Lingual Nerve (CN V3)

Mental Nerve (CN V3)

Inferior Alveolar Nerve (CN V3)

Nasopalatine Nerve (CN V2)

Greater Palatine Nerve (CN V2)

Lesser Palatine Nerve (CN V2)

Internal Laryngeal Nerve (CN X)

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Overlapping nerve supply

Chorda tympani nerve (CN VII)

Infraorbital Block

Nasopalatine Block

Anterior Superior Block

Middle Superior Block

Greater Palatine Block

Posterior Superior Alveolar Block

Buccal Block

Inferior Alveolar Block

Mental and Incisive Block

CN X - Palatoglossus muscle

CN XII - all other muscles

CN X

CN X

CN IX