Exceptional People Exam 1

person-first language

person before disability (ex: child w/ down syndrome vs. down syndrome child)

exceptions: (autism or sensory disabilities like deafness or blindness)

Priestly Framework: Identity

how disabled individuals understand and advocate for themselves

Priestly Framework: Culture

shared meaning/community through disability

Priestly Framework: Structure

how society creates access or barriers

Priestly Framework: Body

physical and mental health perspectives

Social Model

disabled would be able to live fully in societies that provided structures for their accessibility

Key Idea of the Social Model

disability isn’t the problem; it’s the society’s failure to provide adequate structures to fulfill disabled people’s needs/accommodations

Social Model Developed by

disabled in response to medical model

Medical Model

diagnose/cure, disability is an impairment to be fixed/alleviated

Medical Model Key Idea

disability is the problem; this can foster prejudice

Tragedy-Charity Model

disabled are victims of their circumstances; tugs on heart strings of the public

Key Idea of Tragedy-Charity Model

while mostly used by charities to fundraise, it instigates pity for the disabled, it lowers self-esteem of the disabled

Tragedy-Charity Model Based On

medical model as it assumes that disabled require care, has historically led to institutionalization or prevention of access to our society

Religious-Moral Model

draws on cultural beliefs stemming from religion/morality

Religious-Moral Model Key Idea

disability viewed as punishment for sins of past, evil spirit, a necessary purgatory before a spiritual reward, a gift/chosen one —> negative views can lead to exorcism, sacrifice, persecution, or death

Economic Model

disability defined by ability/inability to work, assesses the level to which disability affects that person’s economic productivity and its consequences on employer and state

Economic Model Key Idea

used by policy makers to assess distribution of support/funding

Customer-Empowering Model

sees disabled as capable decision makers just as anyone else, can decide what service they require based on their needs

Customer-Empowering Model Key Idea

empowers disabled and their families to take charge of their needs

Stigma

negative/unfair beliefs by society/groups about certain people, a disgraceful mark against these people and their circumstances, can lead to disabled feeling isolated and worthless, further reinforced by regular derogatory language

Prejudice

“pre-judging”, positive but mostly negative emotional attitude towards a group or individual based on perceived characteristics, often leading to discrimination and social bias

Stereotyping

cognitive function, generalizations about groups where similar characteristics are assigned to all, whether true or not, positive or negative, no emotional reaction and not necessarily leading to abuse/discrimination, we use them to categorize information and simplify socializing process by placing them in a preconceived category, leads to belief in those stereotypes and their spread of these categories to others

Subtyping

when someone doesn’t conform to my stereotype and I make tham an exception to the stereotype to keep it safe/still functioning

Discrimination

negative/harmful action.policy towards members of a group because of them being members of that group, influenced by emotions, beliefs, and can result in behavior

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - July 26, 1990

A federal civil rights law signed by President Bush Senior, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability and equal opportunity to employment, transport, and public spaces/services

According to ADA, disability is defined as

a mental/physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of an individual

Major Life Activities

1. Manual Tasks

2. Cognitive Functions

3. Sensory Functions

4. Bodily Functions

Manual Tasks

eating, sleeping, walking, talking, dressing, bathing, and performing other basic functions essential for daily living

Cognitive Functions

thinking, concentrating, learning, problem-solving, and memory

Sensory Functions

hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, feeling

Bodily Functions

circulation, organ function, digestion, respiration, and metabolism

How many titles are under the ADA?

5

ADA Title I

Employment Protections

• employers must provide reasonable accommodations to employees/applicants w/disabilities

• prohibits discrimination because of disability in all aspects of employment

ADA Title II

Public Services / Transport

• services provided to able-bodied can’t be denied to the disabled

• public transport systems must be accessible to those w/ disabilities

ADA Title III

Public Accomodations

• includes restaurants, malls, museums, offices, stores, etc.

• requires new construction to be accessible and old structures to remove barriers to accessibility where possible

ADA Title IV

Telecommunications

• telephone relay systems - free operator service that helps disabled place calls

• closed captioning (for the deaf) must be available

ADA Title V

Miscellaneous Provisions

• prohibits coercing / threatening/ retaliating against disabled or people helping them access their rights under the ADA

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

a law that ensures that eligible disabled children receive education thru special ed and related services, makes sure state/public agencies provide early intervention, special ed, and related services to 7.5 billion+ eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth (up to age 21) with disabilities

Special Education

education specially designed for disabled children’s unique needs, includes instruction in classroom / home / hospital / institution / etc.

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA)

passed in 1975 and then name was changed to IDEA in 1990

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

IDEA guarantees FAPE → free education that adequately meets the needs of disabled students

Individualized Education Program/Plan (IEP)

the plan developed by a team that lays out the goals, services, and accomodations a student will receive, for children 3+

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)

lays out the services and support children under 3 and their families may need

Individual Transition Plan (ITP)

required for all disabled students by 16, looks at what is needed for the students to achieve an independent adult life after leaving school

Least Restrictive Environment

ensures that disabled students be educated in the same setting as their non-disabled peers to the greatest degree possible while still meeting their needs

EAHCA (1975)

• FAPE

• IEP

• LRE

• Non-Discriminatory Assessment

• Due Process (parent involvement)

EAHCA (1986)

• Infants and Toddlers Birth to Age 3

• Individualized Family Support Plan (IFSP)

IDEA (1990)

• Person First Language

• 2 new disability categories (Autism and Traumatic Brain Injuries)

• Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)

IDEA (1997)

• Increase Accountability

• Address Discipline

IDEA (2004)

• Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act

• Highly qualified teachers to provide instruction to individuals with disabilities

Hearing Aids

common assistive technological devices for people with hearing impairement

Cochlear Implants

devices that provide a way for the brain to process sound, doesn’t cure deafness / hearing impairments, controversial within the deaf community → doesn’t see need to be “fixed” → concerned that sign language / deaf culture will be lost

Florida School for the Deaf and Blind