Anatomy and Physiology 1000 - Cell Cycle, Metabolism, and Tissues Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the cell cycle, mitosis, energy expenditure, metabolic pathways, thermoregulation, and histology/tissues.

Cell Cycle

The life cycle of a single cell, consisting of interphase and mitosis, with a $G_0$ resting phase for certain cells.

Interphase

All phases of the cell cycle that occur in between mitosis, including first gap phase ($G_1$), synthesis phase ($S$ phase for DNA replication), and second gap phase ($G_2$).

$G_0$ Phase

A resting phase of the cell cycle entered by only some cells.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where DNA coils tightly and packs into chromosomes, the nucleus starts breaking down, and spindle fibres begin to form ("Pack everything up").

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ("meet in middle").

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where copied chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite sides ("go away").

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where two new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes begin uncoiling, and the cell is almost completely divided ("Two new nuclei are taking shape").

Energy Expenditure

The available energy to use in the body, which varies depending on activity level.

Unit Of Energy

Energy measured by the output of heat from the body.

Calorie

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{gram}$ of water by $1\,^\circ\text{C}$.

Basal Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy the body needs at rest ($2000\,\text{calories/day}$); it is lower in females and impacted by age and climate.

Hypothalamus

Brain structure responsible for regulation of thirst and hunger.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A key hormone involved in hunger regulation that suppresses appetite.

Leptin

A hormone involved in hunger regulation that suppresses appetite.

Peptide YY (PYY)

A key hormone involved in hunger regulation that signals satiety.

Ghrelin

A key hormone involved in hunger regulation that produces hunger.

Insulin

A key hormone involved in hunger regulation that suppresses appetite.

Nutrients

Substances needed by the body for energy, body growth, and repair.

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed by the body in larger amounts.

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed by the body in small amounts.

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that must be obtained directly from the diet.

Nonessential Nutrients

Nutrients that the body can produce to some extent, including 9 non-essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine).

Complete Proteins

Proteins containing all essential amino acids, found in animal sources (fish, chicken, egg, dairy) as well as soy beans and quinoa.

Incomplete Proteins

Proteins missing 1 or more essential amino acids, found in plants, nuts, beans, legumes, and tofu.

Vitamins

Organic compounds necessary for coenzyme production.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins absorbed with water in the small intestine and excreted by the kidneys.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins (A, D, E, K) absorbed with dietary fat and stored in the liver and fat tissues.

Minerals

Inorganic substances required for heart and nerve functions obtained from dietary sources; calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

The metabolism of carbohydrates into glucose, which is used for energy (ATP), stored as glycogen, or converted into lipids.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic phase occurring in the cytoplasm that splits one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and releases a fraction of available energy.

Anaerobic Fermentation

The metabolic process occurring when oxygen is absent or not needed, converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid for storage in the liver, which can later convert back to pyruvic acid for aerobic respiration during exercise.

Aerobic Respiration

The metabolic process cells use to release energy from food using oxygen, storing the energy in ATP.

Lipid Metabolism

The breakdown of fats which produces twice the amount of energy compared to carbohydrates and can cause ketoacidosis.

Protein Metabolism

The process used to build new tissues where digestion breaks down proteins and amino acids recombine to form new proteins.

Thermoregulation

The regulation process key for maintaining homeostasis of body temperature.

Radiation

A method of heat loss involving the transfer of heat through air by electromagnetic heat waves (e.g., standing in bright sunlight when body is warmer than surrounding air).

Conduction

A method of heat loss involving the transfer of heat between two materials touching each other (e.g., a chair remaining warm after someone has been sitting).

Epithelial Tissue

Continuous sheets of tightly packed cells covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, and covering organs; provides protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion, and adheres to basement tissues for oxygen.

Glandular Epithelium

A collection of epithelial cells that secrete specific substances, including exocrine and endocrine glands.

Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial cell shape classification defined as flat.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial cell shape classification defined as cube-shaped.

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial cell shape classification defined as cylindrical.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial layer classification where every single cell touches the basement membrane.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial layer classification where cells form stacks, so some cells do not touch the basement membrane.

Extracellular Matrix

The structural framework of connective tissue in which cells are embedded, containing fluid and protein fibers (collagenous, reticular, elastic).

Collagenous Fibers

Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that resist stretch.

Reticular Fibers

Connective tissue fibers forming a network that supports capillaries and nerves.

Areolar Tissue

A type of loose connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibers that connects many adjacent structures in the body.

Adipose Tissue

Loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells that forms supporting and protective pads around organs like the kidneys, stores excess food, and helps insulate the body.

Reticular Tissue

Loose connective tissue containing reticular fibers and cells that forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Dense Connective Tissue

Tissue with closely packed collagen fibers forming tendons, ligaments, and protective capsules around organs; has slow healing due to few blood vessels.

Cartilage

Rubbery, flexible, avascular connective tissue composed of cells called chondrocytes.

Hyaline Cartilage

The most common type of cartilage, found at the ends of movable joints and forming much of the fetal skeleton.

Elastic Cartilage

A flexible type of cartilage found in the ear.

Fibrocartilage

The strongest type of cartilage, forming intervertebral discs and discs in knee joints.

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Connective tissue that acts as storage for calcium, provides structure and support, produces bone marrow, and has a rich blood supply leading to fast healing.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue with a high degree of excitability and conductivity found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, communicating rapidly with other body parts.

Neurons

Cells in nervous tissue that conduct nervous impulses.

Neuroglia

Cells in nervous tissue that protect and assist neurons.