Ch. 6+7 test review

assimilate

Leaving behind your old country or culture and taking on the identity of the new culture. (dress, language, food, and religion) To join in.

Reservation

A designated piece of land set aside by the U.S. government, to forcefully relocate and confine Native American tribes.

Open Range

The unfenced west. Before barbed wire began to be used. Allowed cattle to graze freely.

Spoils System

Served as the glue that helped make the parties powerful. Politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers, with little regard for qualifications.

Boomer

Followed the rules of the race, started on the starting line, and at the correct time. Started at the “boom”.

Sooners

Cheated the race. They hid out to ensure they could win. They went “sooner” than the others.

Helen Hunt Jackson

She wrote the book “A Century of Dishonor”. She was one of the few who advocated for Native American rights and opposed the way they were being treated.

Frederick Jackson Turner

He wrote “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” He believed free land shaped America, as he would say “free land makes free man.“

Sitting Bull

He, Crazy Horse, and their group of 2,000 Sioux defeated Colonel George Custer and his 200 men, which led to the American government sending Nelson Miles, Custer’s friend for revenge. Sitting Bull then escaped to Canada for 4 years before his return to the reservation. He was later killed during attempted arrest.

Joseph Glidden

He invented barbed wire. This invention led to disputes known as the range wars between free-range ranchers and farmers over land and water rights.

Mark Twain

He was a writer. He was important because he coined and applied the term “Gilded Age” to this era.

Thomas Nast

He did a series cartoon, which exposed the illegal activities of William Marcy “Boss” Tweed. His cartoons later helped expose Tweed’s corruption.

Boss William Tweed

He was a Democrat and a powerful New York City politician. Took part in illegal activities and corruption. He was arrested, escaped and fled, and then was identified again through Nast’s cartoons.

Lemonade Lucy Hayes

Her husband was Rutherford B. Hayes. She implemented many rules when her husband was elected as president. One of her rules was NO ALCOHOL so at all of the White House events she would put out lemonade, which is what earned her this secret nickname.

Charles Guiteau

James Garfield’s assassin. He shot Garfield in the back and in the arm only months after he became president. He shot him because he didn't get the position in the government he wanted so he thought Garfield was corrupt and he was trying to save the people from a corrupt president. Shot him at the railway station. His trial began on Oct. 14, 1881, he was sentenced to death by hanging on January 23, 1882, which was then executed on June 30, 1882.

William Jennings Bryan

He was nominated by the Democratic Party to be their presidential candidate. They had a lot of hope in him.

William McKinley

He was the Republican candidate. He didn’t do much to get elected, it was all done for him.

Mark Hanna

A political powerhouse. He orchestrated McKinley’s run, cast Bryan and his Populist Party supporters as a potential dictator and a threat to the Republic.

Jacob Coxey and Coxey’s Army

He led a group of unemployed workers on a march to Washington, D.C. in 1894. He did this to demand that the government create jobs by funding public works projects during the economic depression. They were arrested and nothing changed.

Homestead Act of 1862

The government offers farm plots of 160 acres. BUT, only to those who are willing to live on the land for 5 years, dig a well, and build a road.

Role of the Trans-continental railroad

a. Central Pacific-It was 689 Miles and dealt with mountains, blizzards, etc. Started at Sacramento, California. Chinese and gold prospectors workforce.

a. (pt.2) Union Pacific- It was 1,086 Miles and had flat land. Started at Omaha, Nebraska. Irish and military workforce.

b. Promontory Point, Utah- The location where the 2 tracks eventually met. Telegraph lines followed the tracks and towns developed along the rails and others became ghost towns.

Events at Battle of Little Big Horn

Led by Crazy Horse, who led a group of 2,000 Indians against Colonel George Custer and his 250 men. Custer had not be expecting this and as a result himself and all of his men were killed.

Events at Wounded Knee massacre

Native Americans came up with a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance. It was said that the ritual would banish white settlers and restore the buffalo to the plains. In an effort to end this, the government ordered the arrest of Sitting Bowl, who had the power to stop this. In this confrontation, him and several others were killed, which led to hostilities breaking out when the well-armed cavalry met and outgunned the Indians. 250-300 Lakota men, women, and children died.

Dawes General Allotment Act

Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system. Each Indian family was given 160-acre farmland, The Act specified the land could NOT be sold or transferred from its original family for 25 years. Goal was for, by the end of that time, younger Indians to be embracing farming and individual landownership.

The Garden Myth

Promoted by William Gilpin. Used scientific evidence to say “rain follows the plow”. Argued that new vegetation and settlement would alter the climate.

Significance of 1890 census

A frontier line, where civilization meets savagery, no longer existed. Only New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Arizona remained as terrirtories.

Tammany Hall in New York

Political machine, led by Boss Tweed. Based on corruption and included stealing millions of dollars, through building a courthouse that NEVER should’ve costed that much. The corruption was breathtaking!

Presidential Election of 1884 candidates and results

Republicans- James G. Blaine, aka Slippery Jim, because he often managed to slip out of scandals.

Democrats/Mugwump Republicans- Grover Cleveland, called Grover the Good

Grover Cleveland won

Presidential Election of 1888 candidates and results

Republican- Benjamin Harrison, he lost popular vote, BUT won electoral vote

Democrats- Grover Cleveland

Benjamin Harrison won

Presidential Election of 1896 candidates and results

Republicans- William McKinley

Democrats- William Jennings Bryan

William McKinley won

Goals of Populist Party

Wanted to increase the money supply. They wanted to do this by calling for silver issuance to solve economic and currency problems.

Creation of civil service commission with Pendleton Act

It wrote a civil service exam. Individuals who wanted to work for the government had to take the exam, and getting a job depended on doing well on the exam rather than political connection. Helped end the spoils system.

Wizard of Oz connection to Populism

Dorothy is the average American

Scarecrow is the farmer

Tin Woodman is the industrial worker

Cowardly Lion is reformers (WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN)

Dorothy’s silver shoes represent silver

The yellow road represents gold

The gold and silver lead Dorothy home (meaning together gold and silver is the solution)

Wizard is the president

The munchkins are the child farm workers

Assassination of President Garfield

President Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau only moths after he became president, so he didn’t achieve much. He was shot in the back and the arm. The doctors repeatedly poked and probed at the open wound with unsanitized hands, which is what led to his death. Since the bullet in his back was lodged in a protective cyst 4 inches from his spine, it is said that he would’ve survived if nothing was done. This assassination happened in 1881 at a railway station, while he was trying to travel to a school reunion. Guiteau did it because he didn’t get the position in the government he wanted so he thought he was doing the right thing and saving the people from a “corrupt president”.