Geology

What is the correct order of Earth’s main layers from the surface inward?

Crust - Mantle - Outer Core - Inner Core

What is the lithosphere made of?

Crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

What layer is partly molten and allows tectonic plates to move?

Asthenosphere

At which plate boundary do plates move away from each other

Divergent

Which feature is commonly formed at a convergent boundary?

A Volcano

What statement best explains why volcanoes erupt at convergent boundaries?

One plate sinks beneath another, melts, and magma rises

What is an example of continental drift that DOES NOT show evidence

Satellite GPS tracking of plate movement

A subduction zone occurs when:

An oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate

What forms at mid-ocean ridges?

New oceanic plate

Convection currents in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move because

Heat makes molten rock, rise, cool and sink again

How do igneous rocks form?

Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies.

What is the main difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Extrusive: cool quickly above surface, small crystals. Intrusive: cool slowly below surface, large crystals.

What is the main difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Faster cooling = small crystals. Slower cooling = large crystals.

Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks

Basalt, pumice,

Name two examples of intrusive igneous rocks.

1.Granite, diorite, gabbro (any two).

What are sedimentary rocks, and how do they form?

Sedimentary rocks form from compacted and cemented sediments.

What is the difference between clastic, organic, and chemical sedimentary rocks?

Clastic = fragments, Organic = plants/animals, Chemical = dissolved minerals

How do fossils form in sedimentary rocks?

Organisms buried in sediment and preserved over time.

Give two examples of clastic sedimentary rocks.

Sandstone, shale, conglomerate (any two).

Give two examples of chemical or organic sedimentary rocks.

Coal, limestone,

How do metamorphic rocks form?

Formed when existing rocks change due to heat/pressure

What is the difference between regional and contact metamorphism?

Regional: large-scale tectonic forces. Contact: heat from nearby magma.

What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks?

Foliated = layered (slate, schist). Non-foliated = no layers (marble, quartzite).

Name two examples of foliated metamorphic rocks.

Slate, gneiss

Name two examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

Marble, quartzite, hornfels (any two).

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

Weathering = breakdown in place. Erosion = transport of material.

How can igneous rocks turn into sedimentary rocks?

Igneous → weathering/erosion → sediments → compaction/cementation → sedimentary.

How can sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks?

Sedimentary rocks under heat/pressure → metamorphic rocks.

What two processes can turn any rock into magma?

Melting and subduction

List the three main types of rocks in the rock cycle.

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic.