Ecology Exam pt 4 (Pls Lord) (Handwritten lecture notes)

Visocity

Physical Properties of Moisture

Fluid resistance to flow:

Specific Heat

Physical Properties of Moisture

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance:

Latent Heat

Physical Properties of Moisture

Heat absorbed or released during a phase change:

Freezing Point Depression

Physical Properties of Moisture

Lowering of the freezing point when solutes are added:

Density

Physical Properties of Moisture

Mass per unit volume of water:

Humidity

Water Vapor & Humidity

Presence of water vapor in the atmosphere:

Relative Humidity

Water Vapor & Humidity

Percentage of maximum moisture saturation in the air can hold at a given temperature:

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure required to prevent solvent movement across a semipermeable membrane:

Hypotonic

Osmotic Pressure

Lower solute concentration outside the cell (water moves in):

Hypertonic

Osmotic Pressure

Higher solute concentration outside the cell (water moves out):

Isotonic

Osmotic Pressure

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell:

Hydrophytes (water-dwelling), Mesophytes (moderate water), Xerophytes (dry conditions)

Adaptation of Plants

What are the three classifications of plants?:

Through roots and high S.A/V ratio

Adaptation of Plants

How do plants gain water?:

Through succulence (specialized fleshy tissues)

Adaptation of Plants

How do plants store water?:

Stomata

Controlling Water Loss

Regulates gas exchange and transpiration:

Leaf curling

Controlling Water Loss

What reduces exposed surface area of a plant?:

Waxy cuticle

Controlling Water Loss

Waterproof outer layer preventing evaporation:

Deciduousness

Controlling Water Loss

Dropping leaves during dry seasons:

Environment is hypertonic to organism’s inside, causing excess water to move in.

Adaptation of Animals; Freshwater

What is the problem with this environment?:

Excrete dilute urine, Active absorption of salt, No water drinking

Adaptation of Animals; Freshwater

What are the three adaptations for this environment?:

Environment is hypotonic to organism’s inside, causing dehydration risks

Adaptation of Animals; Marine

What is the problem in this environment?:

Excrete concentrated urine, Active secretion of salt, Drinking available water

Adaptation of Animals; Marine

What are the three adaptations for this environment?:

Dehydration

Adaptation of Animals; Terrestrial

What is the problem with this environment?:

Excretes concentrated urine, Drink freshwater directly, Specialized excretory organs

Adaptation of Animals; Terrestrial

What are the three adaptations of this environment?:

Uric acid

What do birds and reptiles excrete?:

Concentrated urine and metabolic water

What do mammals excrete?:

78%

The Atmosphere

What percent of atmospheric components is Nitrogen?:

21%

The Atmosphere

What percent of atmospheric components is Oxygen?:

1%

The Atmosphere

What percent of atmospheric components is Argon?:

0.0426%

The Atmosphere

What percent of atmospheric components is Carbon Dioxide?:

Troposphere

Strata (Atmospheric Layers)

0-7 miles up

Most weather occurs here:

Stratosphere

Strata (Atmospheric Layers)

7-30 miles up

Ozone layer is located in the lowest part:

Tropopause

Strata (Atmospheric Layers)

Boundary layer separating the troposphere and stratosphere:

Dry Rate

Adiabatic Lapse Rate

1^oC cooling per 100m elevation rise:

Wet Rate

Adiabatic Lapse Rate

0.6^oC cooling per 200m elevation rise:

Thermals

Processes Producing & Directing Air Flow

Bubbles of rising warm air:

Sea breezes and valley breezes

Processes Producing & Directing Air Flow

Local thermal air flow variations:

Inversion

Processes Producing & Directing Air Flow

Dense cool air sits at “the bottom” trapping moisture and pollutants, preventing surface heating, and creating stable conditions that sit for days/weeks:

Deflective currents

Processes Producing & Directing Air Flow

Deflection of air currents caused by landmasses and rotation:

Generalized patterns

Global Wind Patterns

Broad global air movement belts:

Coriolis Effect

Global Wind Patterns

Winds in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the right due to Earth’s rotation:

Exponential Growth

Population Growth Curves

J-Curve showing unlimited population increase

Logistic/Disponential Growth

Population Growth Curves

S-curve showing growth slowed by limiting factors up to carrying capacity (K):

Resource Limited

Mechanisms of Regulations

Competition drives limites as recourses deplete:

Intraspecific

Competition

Competition inside the same species:

Interspecific

Competition

Competition outside with other species:

Scramble (Exploitative)

Types of Competition

Equal access to resources, leading to potential depletion for all:

Interference

Types of Competition

Direct interactions preventing access to resources:

Social hierarchy, territoriality, Habitat quality curve

Types of Competition

What are the three types of interferences?:

Habitat quality curve

Types of Competition

Peak efficiency occurs at intermediate resource densities, while low/poor or overly rich density leads to lower relative success:

Parental care

Parental investment

Measured by clutch or litter size and food deliveries to offspring:

R: Quantity of offspring, K: Quality of offspring

R vs. K Selection Table

Focus/Strategy (R vs K):

R: Young, Semelparous, Large litter, K: Delayed maturation, Iteroparous, Small litter

R vs. K Selection Table

Reproduction (R vs K):

R: Little to none, K: Extensive

R vs. K Selection Table

Parental Care (R vs K):

R: Low, K: High

R vs. K Selection Table

Offspring Survival (R vs K):

R: Density-independent, J-Curve, K: Density-dependent, S-curve

R vs. K Selection Table

Population Growth (R vs K):

R: Short, K: Long

R vs. K Selection Table

Lifespan (R vs K):

R: Type III, K: Type I and II

R vs. K Selection Table

Survivorship Curve (R vs K):

R: Small, K: Large

R vs. K Selection Table

Body size (R vs K):

R: Harsh, ephemeral, unpredictable, K: Mild, stable, predictable

R vs. K Selection Table

Environment (R vs K):

Lifetime and Serial

Mating Systems

What are the different examples of Monogamy?:

Lifetime

Mating Systems

Mates stay together for life (e.g, eagles, swans):

Serial

Mating Systems

Mates stay together for a season/cycle, but pair bonds break over time. (e.g, bluebirds, humans):

Polygamy

Mating Systems

More than one individual in a mating relationship:

Polygyny

Mating Systems

A polygamous relationship with 1 male and multiple females:

Resource defense

Mating Systems; Polygyny

Females/Males defend territory rich in resources (e.g, songbirds, mammals, spotted sandpipers):

Female defense

Mating Systems; Polygyny

Males defend harems directly (e.g, deer):

Lek

Mating Systems; Polygyny

communal display arena where males display for females (e.g, bullfrogs, turkeys):

Polyandry

Mating Systems

A polygamous relationship with 1 female and multiple males:

Male defense

Mating Systems; Polyandry

Females defend groups of males (e.g, phalaropes):

Promiscuity

Mating Systems

Brief or no pair bonding between individuals (e.g, flamingos, dolphins, rabbits):

Monogamy

Mating Systems

What type of taxonomic trend do birds follow?:

Polygyny

Mating Systems

What type of taxonomic trend do many mammals follow?: