bio exam 2: pH and Buffers & Biomolecules/Carbohydrates

pH

A measure of hydrogen ion ([H+][H+]) concentration in a solution; on a negative logarithmic scale where each unit represents a 10-fold change in [H+][H+].

Acid

An ionic compound that releases H+H+ (e.g., HCl→H++Cl−HCl→H++Cl−)

Base

An ionic compound that accepts H+H+, often releasing OH−OH− (e.g., NaOH→Na++OH−NaOH→Na++OH−)

Salt

An ionic compound that dissociates into ions without producing H+H+ or OH−OH− (e.g., NaCl→Na++Cl−NaCl→Na++Cl−)

Weak Acid/Base

A compound that ionizes incompletely in solution and resists significant pH change

Buffer

A system (weak acid + weak base pair) that maintains stable pH by adding or removing free H+H+ ions

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System

A primary biological buffer system (H2CO3/HCO3−H2​CO3​/HCO3−​).

Functional Group

An atomic grouping attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton that gives the molecule specific chemical properties

Dehydration Synthesis

A reaction building polymers from monomers by removing H2OH2​O

Hydrolysis

A reaction breaking polymers into monomers by inserting H2OH2​O

Monosaccharide

A single sugar monomer composed of C, H, and O in a 1:2:11:2:1 ratio (CnH2nOnCn​H2n​On​)

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (e.g., Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)

Polysaccharides

Large polymers of monosaccharides (e.g., Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)

How many carbon atoms does a triose have?

3

How many carbon atoms does a tetrose have?

4

How many carbon atoms does a pentose have?

5

How many carbon atoms does a hexose have?

7

How many carbon atoms does a he-rose have?

7

What is Sucrose a compound of?

Glucose and Fructose joined by a 1-2 bond

What is Lactose a compound of?

Glucose and Galactose joined by a 1-4 bond

What is Maltose a compound of?

Two glucoses joined by a 1-4 bond

What is the pH base?

7

What number does the pH move by on a graph?

10’s

Which are the correct Functions of Carbohydrates

short-term energy, structural support, components of coenzymes, part of RNA and DNA, biological recognition