Sociology: Chapter 10

Rape, Child Sex Abuse, and Prostitution

how do these data collection resources, NIBRS, UCR and NCVS, definitions of rape, sexual assault and sex offenses vary?

they vary by age and type of offense

what did Frank, Camp and Butcher accomplish in their study?

criminal laws developed to protect the institution of family and the nation but later shifted to individuals

Forcible Rape (FBI)

penetration or attempt with any body part or object of males or females

are statutory rape and incest included in FBI?

no

sexual assault (BJS)

includes wide range of victimizations separate from rape or attempted rape and can include sodomy or sexual assault with an object and forcible or unwanted touching or groping

what are 3 nonviolent sexual offenses?

voyeurs, exhibitionists, and frottage

voyeurs

sexual gratification by spying on others

exhibitionists

repeatedly expose their genitals to unsuspecting people

frottage

touching or rubbing against a non consenting person

what are the 3 sexual offenses against children?

statutory rape, pedophilia, and grooming

statutory rape

person is below the statutory age of consent

pedophilia

manipulation, persuasion, and friendship to sexually assault children

grooming

manipulate or coerce someone into performing sexual acts for a proposed reward

sexual trafficking

recruited, kidnapped then moved with the goal of exploitation

why do people exploit others in human trafficking?

obtain economic or other profit through deception and coercion

what countries have the highest rates of sex trafficking?

India, Thailand, Brazil and the Philippines

sweden, iceland guyana, and the US has the highest rate of what?

the highest rape rate

liechtenstein, egypt, and mozambique has the lowest rate of what?

the lowest rape rate

approximately how many reported rapes or sexual assaulats happen in the US per year?

140,000

what state has the highest rate of rape in the US?

alaska

what state has the lowest rate of rape in the US?

New Jersey

what age range does rape occur in the US?

16-24

about what fraction of incidents of rape go unreported?

¾ of incidents

in a victim offender relationship what’s likely the history of it?

likely to have a prior relationship with 95% occur by either a family member or acquaintance

in ages 6-11 where is rape most likely to occur?

in a residence

in ages 15-17 where is rape most likely to occur?

outside the home

how did Groth categorize typology of rapists?

power, anger, and sadism as motivations

power rape

seduce victims, plan their crimes, and use a great deal of force to assert their masculine power

how did Groth categorize typology of rapists?

hostility, conquest, anger and power

anger rape

attack by surprise and subdue victims with direct or physical force out of anger

how did Rada categorize typology of rapists?

situational stress, anger retaliation, masculinity, and sadism

sadistic rape

involve strangers, planning and careful execution where offender is stimulated by the infliction of pain toward victim and often record activities and keeps a souvenir of attack

how did Hazelwood and Burgess categorize typology of rapists?

power assertive, power reassurance, anger retaliatory, anger excitation

sociopathic/psychotic personalities

primarily motivated by sexual desires

women between what ages have the highest rate of rape and sexual assault?

18-24

non-student women are how times more likely to be victims?

1.25 more likely

what percent of non-student women cases of rape are not reported?

67%

college women are more likely to be victims in or away from home?

away from home

what percent of college women rape cases go unreported?

80%

what percent of women’s offenders are known?

80%

what four dimensions of internet sexual offending did Tenet, Wolak, and Finkelhor discover?

1) patterns of online communication

2) online identities

3) offender victim relationship

4) level of expertise

what does the level of expertise refer to regarding Tenet, Wolak and Finkelhor’s four dimensions?

number of victims, child porn, awareness of criminality, and sophistication of strategy

what are the 4 types of internet sex offenders did Tenet, Wolak ,and Finkelhor discover?

1) experts

2) cynical

3) attention focused

4) sex focused

expert internet sex offenders

highly sophisticated predators

cynical internet sex offenders

more likely to use true identity

attention focused internet sex offenders

emotionally attached to victim

sex focused internet sex offenders

encounter viewed as an exchange not a crime

prostitution

sexual exchange for money or other reward

the UCR reports about 24,000 prostitute related arrests made each year in what country?

the US

true or false: there’s about 500,000 sex workers in the US

true

in what region of the US is the highest rate of prostitution arrests found?

midwest

nearly one third of sex workers in Thailand, India, and Brazil are what?

children

call girl/escorts

well paid high status sex workers w/ little influence from police

escort agency

highly compensated for their services and acts as intermediary

brothel employee

may provide massages, saunas, or other services to clients with lower compensation

window workers

low paid sex workers

bar girls/casino workers

solicit clients in public bars, often posing as patrons

streetwalkers

solicit clients in relatively public spaces that are typically victims of abuse with criminal record and addiction

what demographic engages in prostitution as survival sex?

homeless and runaway

what did Kingsley Davis say about employment of sex?

argues that employment of sex for non sexual ends exist within our competitive-authoritative system

what reasoning does Kingsley Davis use regarding the fact that prostitution, marriage, and dating exist on the same spectrum in our hierachral society?

they each involve using sexual access as a form of currency to trade for non sexual rewards like money, security, or social status

Kingsley Davis argues that every society manages the biological sex drive through three interconnected strategies. Name the first one.

society permits, encourages, or forces various degrees of sexual intimacy within specific customary relations including religious prostitution and reproduction

Kingsley Davis argues that every society manages the biological sex drive through three interconnected strategies. Name the second one.

to protect the privileged status of approved artnerships, such as marriage, it discourages sexual intimacy in all other situations

Kingsley Davis argues that every society manages the biological sex drive through three interconnected strategies. Name the third one.

society prohibits sexual relations in certain specified situations such as incest

according to Davis when individuals violate sexual norms, the resulting punishment is meant to act as a shield for what 4 institutions?

1) family

2) business

3) church

4) state

why does unauthorized sex, such as prostitution, sill persist if society tries to suppress it?

freedom to pursue variety and by necessity

whats a method of online predators?

exposing youth to child pronography

whats aggressive sexual solicitation?

predator actively pressures victim to meet up in person

what are traveler cases?

physically meet and have sex with someone they met on the internet

what are sexual solicitations?

predator request to engage in sexual activities/talk

sextortion

threats to expose sexual images

what is the gender and age of the victims being targeted in online sexual solicitation and child pornography?

mostly female and either 16 or 17

what are the 3 consequences of childhood sexual victimization?

1) behavoiral and psychological problems

2) psychiatric disorders

3) poly victimization

what does Lalor and McElvaney argue about sexual revictimization of childhood victims?

exponentially increases victimization up to 13x

what does Desai, Artias, and Thompson argue about sexual revictimization of childhood victims?

women victimized as child are 3x more likely to be victimized as an adult

what does Widom argue about sexual revictimization of childhood victims?

all child victimization may lead to increased risk for lifetime victimization

what are the two conflicting views that theoretical explanations for sexual offenses fall under?

1) exert power

2) sexual desire

how does Merton’s anomie theory explain SO?

can’t get opportunities or resources that you need to accomplish your goals so leads individuals to use innovation such as rape to achieve power or sexual gratification

how does Sellin’s cultural conflict explain SO?

some cultures view prostitution as acceptable and encourage the cycle

give an example of how Sellin’s cultural conflict explains SO?

a man that moves from a culture where child marriage is customary to a conflicting culture he’s more likely to sexually offend

According to Sellin, because prostitution does not conform to middle-class values, it is defined as what?

sexual deviance

what does Thio’s power theory say about SO?

culturally prostitution is accepted among lower class, frowned upon by the middle class and although the upper class projects that it’s wrong to “sub statuses” they actively participate

how does Thio’s power theory explain SO?

men with low status commit sexual offenses to assert dominance and regain sense of masculinity

how does Wolfgang’s subculture of violence explain SO?

offenders belong to a subculture where physical aggression and sexual dominance are normalized

how does Straus’s look on stress and frustration explain SO?

stress and frustrations make violence more probable leading to sexual offenses

how do feminist theories explain SO?

men use rape as an act of power and violence

how does millers focal concerns explain SO?

offenders commit sexual assaults to demonstrate toughness and pursue excitement to gain status among peers

what 6 theories explain SO on an individual level?

1) differential association

2) differential identification

3) strain theory

4) frustration-aggression

5) routine activities theory

6) control exchange theory

how does sutherland’s differential association theory explain SO?

if around people that accept prostitution more likely to pick up on behaviors

how does Glasers differential identification explain SO?

if a sexual offense happened to someone they accept it as okay and then does it to someone else

how does Agnew’s strain theory explain SO?

individuals are pressures into sexual offenses by negative relationships and emotional distress

how does Dollard’s frustration-aggression thesis explain SO?

blocked goals lead to frustration which leads to aggression in the form of sexual offenses

how does Cohen’s routine activity theory explain SO?

sexual offenses occur when theres a suitable target, motivated offender, and lack of guardian

how does Gelles control exchange theory explain SO?

offenders commit sexual offenses inside the home because privacy ensures a low risk of getting caught

What is the most common long-term effect of childhood sexual abuse?

higher rates of mental illness

Bureau of Justice Statistics includes blank is under the offense "attempted rape."

verbal threats of rape