exam 2

Perichondrium (perimeter of the cartilage)

• Layer of dense connective tissue surrounds it.

• Helps resist outward

• Blood vessel for nutrient delivery

Appositional growth

• cartilage - forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix expand from outside

Interstitial growth

Chondrocytes in lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding from within

Axial skeleton

• Long axis of body

• Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

What’s this

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

• upper and lower limbs

• girdles attaching limbs

What’s this?

Appendicular skeleton

Spongy bone

Honeycomb of flat spines

What’s this

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Dense, smooth, outer layer

What’s this

Compact bone

Periosteum

Outside of compact bone

• dense irregular connective tissue

• Osteogenic inner layer

What’s this

Periosteum

Endosteum

Inside of compact bone

• Areolar connective tissue

• Delicate, covers trabeculae, canal lining, also has osteogenic cells

• Hematopoiesis occurs here

What’s this

Endosteum

Hematopoiesis

• Creation of all cell types in red marrow

• trabecular cavities of spongy bone and trabeculae of flat bones

• Newborns: red marrow found in medullary cavities (long bones) and all spongy bone (Babies have more blood cells)

• Adults: red marrow in beads of femur and humerus, but mostly active in flat bone trabeculae and some irregulars

Epiphyseal line

Remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs. (Stop stretching vertically)

What’s this

Epiphyseal line

Trabeculae

Thin plates/ struts of bone

Forms 3D network inside spongy bone

Spaces between them contain bone marrow

Helps stay strong while remaining relatively lightweight

What’s this

Trabeculae

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells, responsible for building bones, can develop into osteoblasts

• actively dividing in membrane

• Differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells

• Some remain as stem cells

Osteoblasts

Bone formers

• secrete mineralized matrix: steroid

• Collagen and calcium binding protein

• Collagen makes up 90% of bone protein

  osteoblasts: actively dividing

Hyaline cartilage

Covers bone regions at a movable joint

Diaphysis

What’s this

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Bone ends , compact bone, wrapping around spongy bone

What’s this

Epiphysis

Osteocytes

Mature, live in lacunae, no longer divide

• maintain matrix, sense stress or strain

• Communicate information to other cells for bone remodeling

Identify

Frontal bone: Located on the front of the skull

What is this?

Frontal sinuses: hollow spaces within the frontal bone

What’s this

Suture

Suture

Immovable fibrous joint

Whats this

Foramen

Foramen

Round / oval opening

What’s this

fissure

Fissure

Slit like opening or groove in a bone that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through

What’s this

Meatus

Meatus

Canal like passageway

What’s this

Spine

Spine

Pointed projection of bone

What’s this

Process

Process

Bong prominence, projection of or bump sticking out from bone

What’s this

Tubercle

Tubercle

Small, rounded projection or bump

What’s this

Tuberosity

Tuberosity

A large rounded roughened projection of bone that usually serves as an attachment site for muscles or a ligaments

What’s this

Fossa

Fossa

Shallow depression, Hollow, or basin like area in a bone

Whats this

Groove

Groove

Long narrow depression or channel in the surface of a bone

What’s this

Condyle

Condyle

A rounded smooth projection at the end of a bone that forms part of a joint

What’s this

Epicondyle

Epicondyle

Raised area on Condyle located above or adjacent to Condyle

Frontal bone and landmarks. (5)

Located on the front of the skull

1. Frontal sinuses

2. Coronal suture

3. Glabella

4. Supraorbital foramen

5. Supraciliary arches

What’s this ?

Frontal sinuses

Frontal sinuses

Hollow spaces within the frontal bone

What’s this

Coronal suture

What’s this?

Glabella

Coronal suture

Articulates with the parietal bones

Glabella

Smooth surface between the supraorbital Ridge

Whats this ?

Supraorbital foramen

Supraorbital foramen

Opening on the superior aspect of the orbit that transmit the supraorbital nerve, artery and vein

Whats this

Supraciliary arches

Supraciliary arches

Bony prominence on the supraorbital margin

Whats this

Parietal bones

Parietal bones and landmarks (3)

Per idle bones are paired bones that formed the lateral walls of the skull

1. Sagittal suture

2. Lambdoid suture

3. Squamous suture

Whats this?

Sagittal suture

Sagittal suture

Articulates with the parietal bone.

What’s this ?

Lamboid suture

Lamboid suture

Articulates with the occipital bone

Whats this ?

Squamous suture

Squamous suture

Articulates with the temporal bone

What’s this ?

Temporal bone

Temporal bones and landmarks (7)

temporal bones are paired bones that form the lateral walls of the skull

1. internal acoustic meatus

2. External acoustic meatus

3. Petrous region

4. Mastoid process

5. Styloid process

6. Zygomatic process

7. Stylomastoid Foraman

What’s this ?

Internal acoustic meatus

Internal acoustic meatus

Transmit nerves for hearing, balance, and facial expressions

What’s this ?

External acoustic meatus

External acoustic meatus

Passageway for sound waves to reach the Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

What’s this?

Petrous region

Petrous region

The dense portion of the school that houses the cochlea (Hearing) And vestibular apparatus (Balance)

What’s this ?

Mastoid process

Mastoid process

Rounding Protuberance on the Postero inferior temporal bone

What’s this

Styloid process

Styloid process

Pointy projection of temporal bone for muscle and ligament attachment.

What’s this

Zygomatic process

Zygomatic process

Projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone creating zygomatic arch

What’s this?

Stylomastoid foramen

Stylomastoid foramen

Opening between the styloid and mastoid process that transmit the facial nerve

what’s this?

Occipital bone

Occipital bone and landmarks (5)

Forms the posterior region of the skull

1. Foraman Magnum

2. External occipital protuberance

3. Occipital condyles

4. Hypoglossal Canal

5. Jugular Foraman

Whats this ?

Foramen magnum

Foramen magnum

Large opening at the base of the school, which transmits the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and spinal accessory nerve

What’s this?

External occipital protuberance

External occipital protuberance

A prominent bump on the posterior aspect of the skull

What’s this?

Occipital condyles

Occipital condyles

Articulates with C1 vertebra (Atlas) to make the Atlanta occipital occipital joint.

What’s this?

Hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal Canal

Located adjacent, the occipital condyles, and transmits the hypoglossal nerve

What’s this?

Jugular foramen